Discussion of the name See next profile >
Stigand’s documented career spans more than fifty years. King Cnut gave him an important minster in Essex in 1020, and he is known to have served as a royal priest in the households of kings Cnut and Harthacnut. He was bishop of Elmham between 1043 and 1047, bishop of Winchester between 1047 and 1070, and archbishop of Canterbury (in plurality with Winchester) between 1052 and 1070, when he was deposed and imprisoned at Winchester. He died on 21 or 22 February 1072. Domesday Book reveals that he was one of the most prolific landholders in England in 1066 in his own right. It also records that he was the lord of the extensive estates assigned to the communities of Christ Church, Canterbury, and to the Old Minster, Winchester; and lord of many sokemen, free men and thegns in East Anglia and the southeast Midlands.
Distribution map of property and lordships associated with this name in DB
List of property and lordships associated with this name in DB
Holder 1066
Shire
Phil. ref.
Vill
Holder 1066 DB Spelling
Holder 1066
Lord 1066
Tenant-in-Chief 1086
1086
subtenant
Fiscal value
1066
value
1086 value
Holder 1066 ID conf.
Show on map
Hampshire
2,18
Yavington
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
1.50
1.25
1.00
A
Map
Hampshire
14,6
Yavington
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed abbess of Winchester
Alice, abbess of Winchester
-
1.50
1.25
1.25
A
Map
Norfolk
1,215
Wymondham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
4.00
60.00
60.00
A
Map
Norfolk
20,24
Wroxham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Ralph de Beaufour
-
0.28
0.15
0.15
C
Map
Norfolk
20,24
Wroxham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Ralph de Beaufour
-
2.00
3.00
4.00
C
Map
Kent
2,10
Wrotham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
11.25
10.54
24.00
C
Map
Kent
2,10
Wrotham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
William the bursar
2.00
1.88
3.00
C
Map
Kent
2,10
Wrotham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Geoffrey de Rots
2.00
1.88
3.00
C
Map
Kent
2,10
Wrotham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Farmann 'of Wrotham'
0.75
0.70
5.00
C
Map
Kent
2,10
Wrotham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Richard fitzGilbert
0.00
0.00
15.00
C
Map
Oxfordshire
3,1
Witney
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
30.00
22.00
25.00
A
Map
Kent
2,21
Wingham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
65.00
62.56
100.00
C
Map
Kent
2,21
Wingham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Wibert 'of Wingham'
3.00
2.89
6.00
C
Map
Kent
2,21
Wingham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Godfrey the crossbowman
3.00
2.89
5.00
C
Map
Kent
2,21
Wingham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Arnold 'of Wingham'
3.00
2.89
6.00
C
Map
Kent
2,21
Wingham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Heringod 'of Wingham'
2.00
1.93
2.00
C
Map
Kent
2,21
Wingham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Vitalis 'of Whitstable'
2.00
1.93
2.25
C
Map
Kent
2,16
Wic
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Albold 'of Wic'
0.50
0.88
1.50
C
Map
Kent
2,14
Whitstable
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
9.70
18.00
50.71
C
Map
Kent
2,14
Whitstable
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Vitalis 'of Whitstable'
3.30
6.25
14.33
C
Map
Norfolk
2,10
Weston Longville
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.42
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Kent
2,16
Westgate
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
8.00
11.43
40.00
C
Map
Kent
2,16
Westgate
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert de Hardres
0.50
0.88
1.50
C
Map
Kent
2,16
Westgate
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Vitalis 'of Whitstable'
0.50
0.88
1.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,22
West Tisted
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Ranulph 'of West Tisted'
7.00
4.00
6.00
B
Map
Norfolk
2,4
West Newton
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
1.50
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,11
West Meon
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
20.00
20.00
40.00
B
Map
Hertfordshire
7,4
Welwyn
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Robert, bishop of Chester
-
0.50
0.15
0.15
A
Map
Norfolk
18,1
Well
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Gilbert, abbot of Caen Saint-Étienne
-
2.00
9.00
10.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,210
Weeting
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Berkshire
B3
Wallingford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
0.00
0.00
0.11
D
Map
Norfolk
1,210
Upwell
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,3
Upper Cheddon
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Hampshire
2,3
Twyford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
20.00
20.00
32.00
B
Map
Somerset
2,3
Tolland
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,238
Toft Monks
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
4.17
10.00
24.00
A
Map
Kent
2,40
Tilmanstone
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
William Follet
2.00
1.00
1.50
C
Map
Gloucestershire
31,6
Tidenham
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William d'Eu
-
0.38
0.50
0.50
A
Map
Gloucestershire
39,11
Tidenham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Roger de Lacy
-
0.50
1.00
1.00
A
Map
Gloucestershire
1,56
Tidenham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Sæweald, abbot of Bath
William, king
-
30.00
25.00
25.00
B
Map
Norfolk
1,216
Thorpe St Andrew
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
3.00
12.00
30.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,69
Thetford
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
unnamed sons of Bishop Herfast
5.94
2.00
2.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,210
Thetford
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
0.50
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,210
Thetford
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Thetford
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Kent
2,16
Thanington
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Godfrey the steward
2.00
3.52
5.00
C
Map
Norfolk
10a,1
Taverham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed clerks of Norwich St Michael
unnamed clerks of Norwich St Michael
-
1.00
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,2
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,4
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,5
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
B
Map
Somerset
2,6
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Geoffrey 'the man of Bishop Walkelin'
4.25
10.00
10.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,6
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Robert, count of Mortain
4.50
12.00
12.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,6
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Hugh de Villana
2.50
5.00
5.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,8
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Robert, count of Mortain
1.00
2.00
4.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,8
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Alfred d'Épaignes, the Breton
1.00
2.00
1.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,8
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
John the usher
2.13
1.00
1.50
C
Map
Somerset
2,1
TaunSecondton
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
30.88
50.00
154.05
A
Map
Norfolk
1,237
Tacolneston
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
5.00
10.00
20.00
A
Map
Gloucestershire
2,5
Swindon
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed clerks of Gloucester St Oswald
Thomas, archbishop of York
unnamed clerks of Gloucester St Oswald
3.00
3.00
4.50
A
Map
Dorset
28,2
Sturminster Marshall
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Roger de Beaumont
-
30.00
66.00
55.00
A
Map
Bedfordshire
51,1
Stratton
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Ralph de L'Isle
-
4.00
5.00
12.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,3
Stoke St Mary
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Hampshire
2,14
Stoke
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
6.00
6.00
7.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,14
Stoke
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Geoffrey 'the man of Bishop Walkelin'
4.00
4.00
4.00
B
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Stockton
S
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
2.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Cambridgeshire
2,1
Steeple Morden
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
8.00
16.00
20.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
42a,1
Standon
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
unnamed wife of Richard fitzGilbert
-
5.00
15.45
15.00
A
Map
Kent
2,24
St Martins
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
2.00
7.00
7.00
C
Map
Kent
2,24
St Martins
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph the chamberlain
1.00
4.00
4.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,234
Sprowston
Stingandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
1.17
0.00
0.00
B
Map
Surrey
2,3
Southwark
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
0.00
0.00
0.11
C
Map
Bedfordshire
39,3
Southill
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Richard Puignant
-
0.50
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Sussex
2,1a
South Malling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
62.42
40.00
70.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,1a
South Malling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Robert, count of Mortain
-
5.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,1b
South Malling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph Baynard
5.00
0.00
8.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,1c
South Malling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed son of Boselin
2.00
0.00
3.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,1d
South Malling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Godfrey 'of South Malling'
1.00
0.00
2.50
C
Map
Sussex
2,1e
South Malling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Walter de Ricarville
0.33
0.00
2.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,1f
South Malling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed canons of St Michael's
4.00
0.00
3.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,1g
South Malling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Cahagnes
0.25
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Gloucestershire
56,2
South Cerney
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walter fitzRoger
-
14.25
16.00
12.00
A
Map
Norfolk
2,4
Snettisham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
8.00
50.00
85.00
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
28,2
Snailwell
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Wulfric, abbot of Ely
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Hugh de Port
5.00
15.00
14.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,3
Shopnoller
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Kent
2,25
Romney
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
0.00
6.00
6.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,12
Rimpton
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
5.00
7.00
7.00
A
Map
Hertfordshire
10,10
Redbourn
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ecgfrith, abbot of St Albans
Paul, abbot of St Albans
-
7.25
16.00
30.00
A
Map
Kent
2,13
Reculver
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
16.00
14.00
35.00
C
Map
Oxfordshire
15,2
Pyrton
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Hugh, earl
William fitzNigel
40.00
16.00
30.00
A
Map
Surrey
2,3
Putney
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
0.00
0.00
1.00
C
Map
Kent
2,20
Pluckley
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
2.00
12.00
15.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,10
Pitminster
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
15.00
13.00
16.00
A
Map
Hertfordshire
23,3
Pirton
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Ralph de Limésy
-
8.00
20.00
16.00
A
Map
Kent
2,15
Petham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
10.50
8.31
20.00
C
Map
Kent
2,15
Petham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Godfrey the crossbowman
0.88
4.50
4.50
C
Map
Kent
2,15
Petham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Nigel 'of Petham'
0.88
4.50
4.50
C
Map
Sussex
2,5
Pagham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
49.00
39.20
78.40
C
Map
Sussex
2,5
Pagham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Osmelin 'of Merston'
1.00
0.80
1.60
C
Map
Oxfordshire
B8
Oxford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
0.00
0.16
0.16
C
Map
Oxfordshire
B8
Oxford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
0.00
0.26
0.26
C
Map
Hampshire
2,10
Overton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
32.00
24.00
61.00
B
Map
Kent
2,4
Otford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
13.00
38.00
38.00
C
Map
Kent
2,4
Otford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Hamon the sheriff
1.00
3.50
3.50
C
Map
Kent
2,4
Otford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert the interpreter
1.00
4.25
4.25
C
Map
Kent
2,4
Otford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Richard fitzGilbert
0.00
10.00
10.00
C
Map
Kent
2,4
Otford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Geoffrey de Rots
1.00
4.25
4.25
C
Map
Hampshire
2,1
Old Alresford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
34.00
26.67
40.00
B
Map
Somerset
2,3
Oake
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,3
Nynehead
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,61
Norwich, St Michael's
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William, bishop of Thetford
0.93
0.00
0.00
B
Map
Norfolk
1,61
Norwich, St Martin's
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
0.10
0.00
0.00
B
Map
Norfolk
1,61
Norwich
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
B
Map
Somerset
2,3
Norton Fitzwarren
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Kent
2,9
Northfleet
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
12.00
10.00
24.00
B
Map
Kent
2,9
Northfleet
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Richard fitzGilbert
0.00
0.00
3.00
B
Map
Oxfordshire
2,1
Newington
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
13.00
11.00
13.00
C
Map
Oxfordshire
2,1
Newington
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert d'Oilly
1.00
0.00
1.00
C
Map
Oxfordshire
2,1
Newington
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger 'of Newington'
1.00
0.00
1.00
C
Map
Kent
2,27
Newenden
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
2.00
5.00
10.00
C
Map
Kent
2,16
Nackington
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Æthelweard 'of Nackington'
1.50
2.64
5.00
C
Map
Suffolk
15,1
Moulton
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
7.00
15.00
12.00
B
Map
Surrey
2,3
Mortlake
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
72.00
32.00
38.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Mileham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
10.00
30.00
60.00
A
Map
Suffolk
1,115
Mildenhall
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
William, king
-
12.00
26.67
46.67
C
Map
Norfolk
1,210
Methwold
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
20.00
20.00
30.00
A
Map
Kent
2,22
Mersham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
12.00
10.00
20.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,12
Meonstoke
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.50
1.25
1.25
B
Map
Kent
2,11
Maidstone
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
11.00
7.70
20.00
C
Map
Kent
2,11
Maidstone
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph 'the man of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury'
2.00
1.40
2.50
C
Map
Kent
2,11
Maidstone
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
William brother of Bishop Gundulf
4.00
2.80
10.00
C
Map
Kent
2,11
Maidstone
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ansketil de Rots
2.00
1.40
3.00
C
Map
Kent
2,11
Maidstone
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Wulfric 'of Maidstone'
0.50
0.35
0.21
C
Map
Kent
2,11
Maidstone
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Cola
0.50
0.35
0.21
C
Map
Somerset
2,3
Maidenbrooke
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Kent
2,25
Lympne
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
0.31
12.00
15.00
C
Map
Kent
2,26
Lyminge
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
8.75
24.00
40.00
C
Map
Kent
2,26
Lyminge
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
3 men
5.25
11.00
11.00
C
Map
Surrey
2,3
London
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
0.00
0.00
0.22
C
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Litcham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
4.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Sussex
2,4
Lewes
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
0.00
0.43
0.43
C
Map
Kent
2,34
Leaveland Court
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Richard the constable
2.00
1.50
1.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,7
Lavant
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
15.00
9.00
15.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,7
Lavant
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph 'the man of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury'
3.00
3.00
3.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,236
Lakenham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
2.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Buckinghamshire
3,2
Ivinghoe
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
20.00
15.00
18.00
B
Map
Suffolk
1,115
Icklingham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
William, king
-
6.00
13.33
23.33
B
Map
Norfolk
1,209
Hunstanton
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
0.00
3.50
5.50
A
Map
Gloucestershire
2,2
Hucclecote
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Thomas, archbishop of York
-
4.00
4.00
4.00
A
Map
Hampshire
2,20
Houghton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
20.25
24.00
25.90
B
Map
Hampshire
2,20
Houghton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Wibert the clerk
1.75
1.75
3.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,20
Houghton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
William Peverel
1.00
1.00
1.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,20
Houghton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Walter 'the man of Walkelin, bishop of Winchester'
1.00
1.00
1.10
B
Map
Kent
5,138
Hougham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Edward, king
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Herbert fitzIvo
0.00
0.00
10.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,231
Horstead
Stingandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
4.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Bedfordshire
51,3
Holme
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Ralph de L'Isle
-
1.50
1.50
1.50
A
Map
Somerset
2,3
Holford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Suffolk
1,118
Hintlesham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
-
10.33
9.00
19.80
B
Map
Somerset
2,3
Hillfarrance
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
61,1
Hellesdon
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Godwine Haldein
-
2.00
4.63
4.63
C
Map
Somerset
2,3
Hele
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,3
Heathfield
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Middlesex
2,1
Hayes
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
59.00
40.00
30.00
A
Map
Berkshire
2,2
Harwell
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
15.00
12.00
16.00
A
Map
Norfolk
2,3
Harpley
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Hugh de Port
2.00
2.00
4.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,3
Halse
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,238
Haddiscoe
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
1.83
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Surrey
1,1b
Guildford
Stigandus
Edward, king
-
William, king
Ranulph Flambard
0.00
0.72
1.28
-
Map
Norfolk
2,2
Grimston
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
3.00
5.00
7.00
B
Map
Kent
2,35
Graveney
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Richard the constable
2.00
5.00
6.00
C
Map
Kent
2,12
Gillingham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
12.00
15.00
23.00
C
Map
Kent
2,12
Gillingham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert Brutin
0.00
0.00
1.00
C
Map
Kent
2,12
Gillingham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ansketil de Rots
0.00
0.00
1.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,3
Ford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Wiltshire
2,2
Fonthill Bishop
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
10.00
10.00
14.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,4
Flitcham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
7.50
0.00
0.00
B
Map
Kent
2,21
Fleet
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
William d'Arques
2.00
1.93
2.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,210
Feltwell
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
0.50
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Hampshire
NF2,1
Fawley
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
-
1.75
2.50
0.00
B
Map
Kent
2,28
Farningham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ansgot of Rochester
2.00
7.00
11.00
C
Map
Surrey
3,1
Farnham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
51.50
55.00
38.00
C
Map
Surrey
3,1
Farnham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
William nephew of Bishop Walkelin
3.25
0.00
3.90
C
Map
Surrey
3,1
Farnham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Wace 'of Farnham'
0.50
0.00
0.60
C
Map
Surrey
3,1
Farnham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Osbern d'Eu
1.00
6.00
6.00
C
Map
Surrey
3,1
Farnham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Ralph 'the man of Walkelin, bishop of Winchester'
3.75
0.00
4.50
C
Map
Hampshire
2,15
Fareham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
17.50
11.00
13.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,15
Fareham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Ralph 'the man of Walkelin, bishop of Winchester'
7.50
4.20
4.20
B
Map
Kent
2,29
Eynsford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph fitzOspak
12.00
16.00
20.00
C
Map
Kent
2,29
Eynsford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Richard fitzGilbert
0.00
0.00
3.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,5
Easton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
6.00
24.00
30.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,13
East Meon
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
6.25
4.00
5.00
B
Map
Hampshire
1,16
East Meon
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
-
72.00
60.00
100.00
A
Map
Kent
2,8
East Malling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
4.00
9.00
9.00
C
Map
Kent
2,36
East Lenham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Godfrey the steward
4.00
8.00
12.50
C
Map
Norfolk
1,219
Earsham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
3.00
11.00
40.00
A
Map
Cambridgeshire
15,2
Duxford
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Eustace, count
Ernulf d'Ardres
3.50
4.67
3.33
A
Map
Bedfordshire
39,1
Dunton
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Richard Puignant
-
8.25
6.00
8.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Dunham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
4.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Wiltshire
2,1
Downton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
59.50
60.00
80.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,228
Ditchingham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
3.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Suffolk
7,4
Denham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Roger Bigod
Aitard de Vaux
1.50
2.00
2.50
B
Map
Kent
M14
Deal
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed canons of Dover
Unnamed canons of Dover in 1086
Ansketil the archdeacon
2.00
4.50
5.14
A
Map
Kent
2,3
Darenth
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
4.00
14.00
15.50
C
Map
Surrey
2,1
Croydon
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
80.00
12.00
27.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,211
Croxton
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
5.00
10.00
5.00
A
Map
Hampshire
2,8
Crawley
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
3.50
18.85
35.00
B
Map
Gloucestershire
2,9
Compton Abdale
Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Thomas, archbishop of York
1 man
9.00
9.00
7.00
A
Map
Cambridgeshire
2,2
Clopton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
3.50
4.00
3.00
C
Map
Gloucestershire
2,1
Churchdown
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Thomas, archbishop of York
-
15.50
13.00
12.00
A
Map
Somerset
2,3
Cheddon Fitzpaine
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Kent
2,19
Charing
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
16.00
24.00
34.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,4
Castle Rising
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
3.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Kent
2,1
Canterbury
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
0.00
2.00
2.00
C
Map
Kent
C1
Canterbury
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
0.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Hampshire
IoW2,1
Calbourne
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
20.00
10.00
30.00
B
Map
Suffolk
69,1
Burgh Castle
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Ralph the crossbowman
-
4.00
5.00
5.30
A
Map
Suffolk
1,110
Bungay
Stingandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
-
9.00
5.00
12.00
C
Map
Kent
2,38
Buckland
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Osbern fitzLetard
0.50
0.50
0.50
C
Map
Hertfordshire
43,1
Broxbourne
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Adelize de Grandmesnil
-
5.00
6.36
3.64
A
Map
Berkshire
2,3
Brightwell
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
20.00
20.00
25.00
A
Map
Suffolk
1,119
Bramford
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
-
10.00
10.00
22.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,3
Bradford on Tone
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Kent
2,18
Boughton under Blean
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
10.00
15.81
30.81
C
Map
Hampshire
2,6
Bishopstoke
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
5.00
6.00
8.00
B
Map
Kent
2,17
Bishopsbourne
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
12.00
20.00
30.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,9
Bishops Waltham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
25.75
31.00
30.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,9
Bishops Waltham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Robert brother of Gilbert the clerk
0.75
0.00
1.50
B
Map
Hampshire
2,9
Bishops Waltham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Ralph the priest
2.50
0.00
5.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,9
Bishops Waltham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
1 man
1.00
0.00
1.50
B
Map
Gloucestershire
2,3
Bishops Norton
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Thomas, archbishop of York
Walkelin, nephew of Bishop Walkelin of Winchester
5.50
4.00
4.00
A
Map
Bedfordshire
51,2
Biggleswade
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Ralph de L'Isle
-
9.50
9.50
16.15
A
Map
Kent
2,6
Bexley
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
6.00
12.00
20.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,25
Bentley
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
7.25
12.00
12.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,25
Bentley
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Osbern d'Eu
1.25
2.50
2.50
B
Map
Hampshire
2,25
Bentley
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
William 'the man of Walkelin, bishop of Winchester'
1.50
1.00
1.00
B
Map
Norfolk
1,235
Belaugh
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
1.20
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Cambridgeshire
2,4
Bassingbourn
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
1.50
3.00
3.00
C
Map
Kent
5,138
Barham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Edward, king
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Fulbert 'of Barham'
12.00
40.00
40.00
A
Map
Kent
5,138
Barham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Edward, king
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Osbern Paisforiere
0.00
0.00
6.00
A
Map
Kent
5,138
Barham
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Edward, king
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Ranulph de Colombières
0.00
0.00
2.00
A
Map
Norfolk
20,12
Barford
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Ralph de Beaufour
Richard de Saint-Clair
0.25
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,3
Bagborough
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,218
Arminghall
Stigandus
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
1.20
1.20
A
Map
Kent
2,23
Aldington
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
42.00
62.00
101.00
C
Map
Oxfordshire
3,2
Adderbury
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
14.50
12.00
20.00
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
2,3
Abington Pigotts
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Hugh the butler
2.50
8.00
7.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,23
Abbotstone
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Hugh de Port
9.00
5.00
6.00
B
Map
Total
1790.08
2050.52
3109.83
Lord 1066
Shire
Phil. ref.
Vill
Lord 1066 DB Spelling
Holder 1066
Lord 1066
Tenant-in-Chief 1086
1086
subtenant
Fiscal value
1066
value
1086 value
Lord 1066 ID conf.
Show on map
Norfolk
9,161
Yelverton
Stiga'
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Ranulph fitzWalter
0.07
0.10
0.13
C
Map
Norfolk
9,165
Yelverton
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Aitard de Vaux
0.17
0.25
1.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,215
Wymondham
87 sokemen, of Wymondham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.25
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
1,215
Wymondham
55 sokemen, of Wymondham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Warenne
5.00
10.00
10.00
D
Map
Norfolk
1,215
Wymondham
10 sokemen, of Wymondham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Ralph de Beaufour
2.00
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
1,215
Wymondham
2 sokemen, of Wymondham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Roger Bigod
0.38
0.38
0.38
D
Map
Norfolk
1,215
Wymondham
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Alan, count
1.50
1.50
1.50
D
Map
Norfolk
20,24
Wroxham
7 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
-
1.75
1.90
1.90
E
Map
Norfolk
20,24
Wroxham
3 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
-
0.17
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Norfolk
20,24
Wroxham
13 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
-
0.33
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Wiltshire
2,7
Wroughton
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
28.50
13.30
17.10
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
13,9
Wratworth
1 sokeman, man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger, earl
-
0.75
1.04
0.69
A
Map
Suffolk
6,219
Wortham
Stigandus
Sigeric 'of Wortham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert Malet
-
0.17
0.25
0.25
C
Map
Hampshire
3,24
Wootton St Lawrence
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
20.00
15.00
28.63
C
Map
Sussex
2,2
Wootton
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
4.50
4.00
4.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,2
Wootton
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Mortain
-
1.50
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Berkshire
2,1
Woolstone
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
16.50
13.20
22.00
C
Map
Berkshire
2,1
Woolstone
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Roger d'Ivry
3.50
2.80
3.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,14
Wonston
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
10.00
8.00
10.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,21
Wield
2 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Durand the man of Bishop Walkelin
10.00
8.00
11.00
B
Map
Hertfordshire
4,4
Widford
Stigandus
Alweard 'of Meesden'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Maurice, bishop of London
Theodbert 'of Widford'
1.00
3.00
2.00
A
Map
Cambridgeshire
13,10
Whitwell
1 sokeman, man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger, earl
-
0.13
0.04
0.04
A
Map
Hampshire
3,5
Whitnal
2 thegns
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
7.00
10.00
7.00
B
Map
Norfolk
9,31
Whitlingham
Stigandus
Wulfflæd 'of Whitlington'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Courson
1.33
0.79
1.18
B
Map
Norfolk
9,31
Whitlingham
13 sokemen and 3 half-sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Courson
0.36
0.21
0.32
E
Map
Hampshire
3,5
Whitchurch
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
33.00
30.00
35.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,5
Whitchurch
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
1.00
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
26,26
Whaddon
Stigandus
Thorbert the priest, the man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hardwin de Scales
-
0.88
2.38
2.38
A
Map
Wiltshire
2,6
Westwood
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
3.00
6.00
4.00
C
Map
Kent
3,16
Westwell
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
14.00
17.57
24.02
C
Map
Suffolk
1,113
Weston
Stigandus
2 free men and 1 half-free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
0.27
0.25
0.25
-
Map
Kent
2,16
Westgate
Alric Bigga
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Hamon the sheriff
1.00
3.52
5.00
C
Map
Buckinghamshire
3,1
West Wycombe
Stigandus
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
19.00
12.00
15.00
A
Map
Buckinghamshire
4,17
West Wycombe
S
1 man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Roger 'the man of Odo, bishop of Bayeux'
0.50
0.50
0.35
A
Map
Buckinghamshire
12,5
West Wycombe
S
1 sokeman, man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Mortain
William fitzNigel
0.50
0.50
0.50
A
Map
Sussex
2,9
West Tarring
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
14.00
10.70
11.50
C
Map
Sussex
2,10
West Tarring
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Briouze
4.00
3.50
3.50
C
Map
Norfolk
2,4
West Newton
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.13
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Norfolk
31,32
West Lynn
Stigand
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph Baynard
-
0.03
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Northamptonshire
18,32
West Farndon
Stigand
Ordric 'of West Farndon'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Mortain
Ralph 'the man of Robert, count of Mortain (in the East Midlands)'
1.63
0.25
1.00
A
Map
Norfolk
31,39
Wellingham
Stigandus
3 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph Baynard
Ralph Estormi
0.33
0.20
0.17
C
Map
Norfolk
8,64
Weasenham
Stigandus
12 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
Wigmær 'of Withersfield'
2.00
2.00
3.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,79
Weasenham
Stigandus
4 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godric the steward
1.00
0.00
0.00
B
Map
Norfolk
2,6
Warham
Stigandus
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.50
0.13
0.13
C
Map
Kent
3,19
Warehorne
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
2.00
1.00
3.00
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,9
Wanborough
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
18.00
14.21
17.05
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,9
Wanborough
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Richer de les Andelys
1.00
0.79
0.95
C
Map
Surrey
2,4
Walworth
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph Baynard
5.00
1.50
3.00
C
Map
Norfolk
32,2
Walsingham
Stigandus
Ketil Alder
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ranulph Peverel
Warin 'of Great Melton'
1.50
2.00
4.50
C
Map
Kent
2,32
Ulcombe
Ælfhere ‘Isenthegn’
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Eu
5.00
10.00
9.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,4
Twyford
Wulfric Cepe
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
10.00
12.00
15.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,121
Trowse
Stigandus
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godric the steward
0.09
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Suffolk
15,3
Toppesfield
Leofgifu 'of Toppesfield'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
2.00
2.00
3.00
B
Map
Norfolk
4,14
Toketorp
Stigandus
Toki 'of Toketorp'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Alan, count
Ribald
1.50
1.00
1.50
C
Map
Norfolk
1,238
Toft Monks
5 sokemen, of Toft Monks
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.50
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,64
Thurton
Stigandus
Almær 'of Alpington'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Vaux
0.25
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
49,8
Thurton
Stigandus
Ketil Alder
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
John nephew of Waleran
-
0.07
0.10
0.05
C
Map
Norfolk
1,241
Thurlton
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.17
0.10
0.10
C
Map
Norfolk
1,241
Thurlton
2 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.08
0.10
0.07
C
Map
Norfolk
1,241
Thurlton
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.07
0.10
0.05
C
Map
Suffolk
74,12
Thurleston
Stigandus
Godwine 'of Thurleston'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Godwine 'of Thurleston'
-
0.08
0.08
0.08
C
Map
Norfolk
20,36
Thurketeliart
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
-
2.00
4.00
4.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
5,26
Thundridge
Stigandus
Alnoth Grut
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Hugh de Grandmesnil
1.00
5.00
1.50
A
Map
Oxfordshire
29,16
Thrupp
Stigandus
Leofwig 'of Thrupp'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger d'Ivry
unnamed son of Wadard
3.00
6.00
6.00
A
Map
Hampshire
NF2,2
Througham
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
2.50
3.00
0.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
17,5
Throcking
Stigandus
Alric 'of Throcking'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Eustace, count
Rumold 'of Beauchamps'
0.15
0.10
0.10
A
Map
Hertfordshire
37,16
Throcking
Stig'
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hardwin de Scales
Theobald 'of Barley'
1.25
1.25
1.25
A
Map
Norfolk
1,216
Thorpe St Andrew
26 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
2.00
0.00
0.00
B
Map
Norfolk
1,216
Thorpe St Andrew
3 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godwine Haldein
0.27
0.10
0.10
C
Map
Norfolk
8,122
Thorpe Market
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
Ralph de Quesnay
2.00
2.00
8.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,225
Thorpe Abbots
2 free men, of Thorpe Abbots
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.08
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Suffolk
40,6
Thornington
Stigandus
Alwine 'of Thornington'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert fitzCorbucion
Giffard 'of Thornington'
2.00
2.50
2.50
C
Map
Suffolk
6,223
Thorndon
Stigandus
Wulfgifu 'of Thorndon'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert Malet
-
3.33
5.00
8.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Thetford
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.33
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
9,99
Tharston
Stigandus
Wulfric 'of Tharston'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Vaux
2.00
5.30
5.30
C
Map
Norfolk
9,99
Tharston
Stigandus
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
0.09
0.09
0.09
C
Map
Somerset
2,7
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Godwine 'of Taunton'
1.88
1.00
2.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,7
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Leofgifu 'of Taunton'
2.00
1.00
2.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,7
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Alweard 'of Taunton'
1.38
0.25
1.00
C
Map
Somerset
2,7
Taunton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Ælfric brother of Eadmær
1.50
0.50
1.50
C
Map
Somerset
2,7
Taunton
Eadmær brother of Ælfric
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Eadmær brother of Ælfric
1.50
0.50
1.50
C
Map
Somerset
2,7
Taunton
Leofwig 'of Taunton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Leofwig 'of Taunton'
0.13
0.10
0.15
C
Map
Norfolk
40,1
Tatterford
Stigandus
Wulfnoth 'of Tatterford'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Humphrey de Bohun
-
1.00
1.33
1.33
A
Map
Norfolk
40,1
Tatterford
Stigandus
Wulfnoth 'of Tatterford'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Humphrey de Bohun
-
0.50
0.67
0.67
B
Map
Norfolk
11,4
Tasburgh
Stigandus
Thorulf 'of Tasburgh'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Osbern fitzOsbern, bishop of Exeter
-
0.25
0.50
0.75
C
Map
Norfolk
19,39
Tasburgh
Stigandus
Almær 'of Tasburgh'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William d'Écouis
Roger d'Évreux
0.25
0.80
0.75
C
Map
Buckinghamshire
4,15
Taplow
S
1 man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Roger 'the man of Odo, bishop of Bayeux'
1.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Sussex
2,6
Tangmere
unnamed clerks
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
10.00
6.00
6.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,237
Tacolneston
5 sokemen, of Tacolneston
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.10
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,237
Tacolneston
8 free men, of Tacolneston
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,224
Tacolneston
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
0.21
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Suffolk
19,1
Syleham
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, bishop of Thetford
-
2.00
3.00
3.00
C
Map
Hampshire
29,9
Swampton
Cypping 'of Worthy'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Mortimer
-
1.00
1.25
1.25
B
Map
Norfolk
48,4
Swainsthorpe
Stigandus
3 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Tovi 'of Holkham'
-
0.26
0.29
0.29
C
Map
Norfolk
21,19
Sutton near Mileham
Stigandus
Olof 'of Sutton near Mileham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Reynold fitzIvo
Boteric 'of Sutton near Mileham'
2.00
2.00
4.00
D
Map
Norfolk
9,26
Surlingham
Stigandus
10 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Aitard de Vaux
0.42
0.25
0.43
C
Map
Kent
3,22
Sturtune
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
0.50
0.50
0.50
C
Map
Kent
2,25
Stowting
Ælfhere ‘Isenthegn’
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Eu
3.00
8.00
10.00
C
Map
Norfolk
35,3
Stoke Holy Cross
Stigandus
3 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert fitzCorbucion
Giffard 'of Thornington'
1.00
1.50
1.50
C
Map
Norfolk
48,3
Stoke Holy Cross
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Tovi 'of Holkham'
-
0.25
0.84
0.84
C
Map
Norfolk
48,3
Stoke Holy Cross
Stigandus
Ketil Alder
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Tovi 'of Holkham'
-
0.25
0.84
0.84
C
Map
Norfolk
48,3
Stoke Holy Cross
Stigandus
5 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Tovi 'of Holkham'
-
0.21
0.70
0.70
E
Map
Suffolk
6,213
Stoke Ash
Stigandus
Wulfgifu 'of Thorndon'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert Malet
-
1.33
5.00
5.00
C
Map
Suffolk
6,220
Stoke Ash
Stigandus
Sigeric 'of Wortham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert Malet
-
0.17
0.25
0.25
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,12
Stockton
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
5.50
4.40
5.50
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,12
Stockton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Richer de les Andelys
2.00
1.60
1.78
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,12
Stockton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Ansketil 'the man of Walkelin, bishop of Winchester'
2.50
2.00
2.22
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Stockton
30 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
3.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Stockton
12 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.21
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Stockton
10 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
2.50
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Essex
2,3
Stisted
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
0.50
10.00
15.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,223
Starston
Stigandus
15 sokemen, of Starston
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.67
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
43,3
Starston
Stigandus
2 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger de Rames
Warenger 'of Hedingham'
0.13
0.20
0.13
C
Map
Norfolk
1,232
Stanninghall
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,3
Stanmer
unnamed canons of South Malling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed canons of South Malling
20.00
15.00
15.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,5
Stanhoe
Stigandus
12 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
4.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,2
Stanhoe
Stigandus
Ælfric 'of Denton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
1.00
0.80
0.80
-
Map
Norfolk
4,8
Stanfield
Stigandus
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Alan, count
unnamed son of Almær
0.05
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
8,70
Stanfield
Stigandus
33 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
-
2.00
2.00
3.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
42a,1
Standon
Stigandus
6 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed wife of Richard fitzGilbert
-
6.00
18.55
18.00
A
Map
Essex
2,6
St Lawrence
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
3.00
1.00
2.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,9
St Clair's
Agemund 'of Wellow'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Hugh de Port
2.00
3.00
3.00
A
Map
Norfolk
26,3
Spixworth
Stigandus
6 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger the Poitevin
6 free men
1.00
4.00
4.00
C
Map
Buckinghamshire
33,1
Southcote
Stigandus
Wulfric 'of Southcote'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William fitzConstantine
Sweting 'of Southcote'
0.30
0.30
0.30
A
Map
Essex
2,8
Southchurch
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
4.00
5.00
7.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,16
South Stoneham and Southampton
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
5.00
7.00
8.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,16
South Stoneham and Southampton
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
1.00
2.00
2.00
C
Map
Kent
3,11
South Preston
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
2.00
10.00
15.00
C
Map
Suffolk
19,16
South Elmham
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, bishop of Thetford
-
0.25
0.40
0.53
C
Map
Norfolk
1,217
Somerton
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
0.50
0.50
A
Map
Norfolk
1,217
Somerton
Stigandus
19 sokemen, of Somerton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
0.50
0.50
B
Map
Hampshire
2,1
Soberton and Beauworth
Edward 'of Soberton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Durand the man of Bishop Walkelin
4.00
3.14
4.40
B
Map
Hampshire
2,1
Soberton and Beauworth
Alric 'of Dummer'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Durand the man of Bishop Walkelin
6.00
4.71
6.60
B
Map
Norfolk
2,4
Snettisham
6 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
2.00
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Norfolk
8,48
Snettisham
Stigandus
7 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
-
2.00
1.38
2.31
C
Map
Norfolk
8,48
Snettisham
Stigandus
11 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
-
0.17
0.12
0.19
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
28,2
Snailwell
6 sokemen, men of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Hugh de Port
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
8,120
Sidestrand
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
-
1.00
1.00
3.00
A
Map
Norfolk
2,8
Shotesham
Stigandus
Alfred the priest
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.10
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,24
Shotesham
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Ranulph fitzWalter
2.00
2.00
4.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,46
Shimpling
Stigandus
Thorbert 'of Shimpling'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Vaux
0.33
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,4
Shernborne
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.04
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Kent
2,37
Sheppey
Osweard of Norton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Godfrey the steward
1.00
1.50
4.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
2,3
Shephall
Stigandus
Ælfric the black
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ansketil de Rots
2.00
4.00
3.00
A
Map
Norfolk
35,13
Shelton
Stigandus
Ealdwine 'of Shelton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert fitzCorbucion
Nigel 'the man of Robert fitzCorbucion'
0.25
0.50
1.00
C
Map
Suffolk
32,16
Shadingfield
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Geoffrey de Mandeville
-
1.00
1.00
1.00
A
Map
Suffolk
1,112
Shadingfield
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
0.25
0.50
0.50
C
Map
Norfolk
1,230
Seething
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
1.67
3.75
A
Map
Norfolk
1,230
Seething
21 sokemen, of Seething
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.20
0.33
0.75
E
Map
Norfolk
6,5
Seething
Stigandus
9 free men and 4 half-free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hugh, earl
-
0.50
1.00
2.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,169
Seething
Stigandus
6 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
6 free men
0.25
0.15
0.30
C
Map
Norfolk
9,169
Seething
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
1.00
0.60
1.20
C
Map
Norfolk
9,169
Seething
Stigandus
8 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
0.17
0.10
0.20
C
Map
Norfolk
9,171
Seething
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
1 man
0.13
0.13
0.13
C
Map
Kent
3,10
Seasalter
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
0.00
1.20
5.00
C
Map
Norfolk
8,12
Sco Ruston
Stigandus
4 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
-
0.08
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Hampshire
NF2,3
Sclive
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
3.00
10.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
17,18
Saxlingham
Stigandus
Eadric the steersman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ælfweald, abbot of St Benet of Hulme
John nephew of Waleran
1.50
2.00
1.50
C
Map
Norfolk
30,4
Saxlingham
Stigandus
Wulfnoth 'of Saxlingham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Drew de la Beuvrière
-
0.25
0.57
0.57
C
Map
Kent
2,2
Sandwich
unnamed unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
0.00
15.00
50.00
C
Map
Kent
3,23
Sandwich
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
0.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Kent
5,38
Sandlings
Bondi the staller
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Hugh nephew of Herbert
3.00
8.00
8.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
2,5
Sacombe
Stigandus
Ælfric the black
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
0.13
0.06
0.06
A
Map
Hertfordshire
41,1
Rushden
Stigandus
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Sigar de Chocques
-
5.00
0.50
5.50
A
Map
Bedfordshire
16,5
Rushden
Stigandus
4 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walter Giffard
Ralph de Lanquetot
1.75
1.67
1.67
A
Map
Norfolk
1,224
Rushall
10 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.50
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
35,4
Rushall
Stigandus
Beorhtric 'of Rushall'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert fitzCorbucion
Gunfrid 'of Saxlingham'
1.50
1.00
0.50
C
Map
Kent
3,8
Ruckinge
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
2.00
5.50
7.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,4
Roydon
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
1.00
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Norfolk
2,4
Roydon
8 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
2.00
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Norfolk
1,78
Rougham
Stigandus
14 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godric the steward
1.50
1.00
1.50
B
Map
Norfolk
1,78
Rougham
Stigandus
Alwine 'of Rougham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godric the steward
1.50
1.00
1.50
B
Map
Suffolk
6,222
Rishangles
Stigandus
Wulfgifu 'of Thorndon'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert Malet
-
1.83
2.50
3.00
C
Map
Suffolk
8,44
Risby
Stigandus
Wulfmær 'of Stonham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger the Poitevin
-
2.00
3.00
1.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,8
Ringstead
Stigandus
Alstan 'of Ringstead'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Ralph de Tourleville
1.00
0.25
0.25
C
Map
Norfolk
9,8
Ringstead
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
0.05
0.03
0.03
E
Map
Suffolk
62,7
Rendles
Stigangus
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Isaac
-
0.50
0.90
0.90
C
Map
Hertfordshire
5,16
Reed
S'
Eadgifu the girl
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Osbern 'of Buckland'
1.00
3.00
2.00
A
Map
Suffolk
7,51
Redisham
Stigandus
Godwine son of Toki
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Courson
0.50
0.50
1.50
C
Map
Norfolk
1,227
Redenhall and Denton
2 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.19
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,222
Redenhall
Stigandus
7 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.50
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
9,139
Raynham
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Edwin 'of Raynham'
0.50
0.50
0.25
A
Map
Norfolk
1,240
Raveningham
3 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.25
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,240
Raveningham
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.50
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
5,17
Radwell
Stigandus
Alnoth Grut
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Adam fitzHubert
4.00
10.00
5.00
A
Map
Suffolk
8,47
Preston
Stigandus
Wulfweard 'of Preston'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger the Poitevin
-
2.00
4.00
3.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,10
Polhampton
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
5.00
8.00
7.50
C
Map
Norfolk
10,29
Plumstead
Stigandus
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, bishop of Thetford
-
0.03
0.02
0.02
B
Map
Norfolk
10,69
Plumstead
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, bishop of Thetford
-
0.21
0.13
0.08
C
Map
Hertfordshire
23,3
Pirton
Stigand
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Limésy
2 sokemen
2.00
5.00
4.00
A
Map
Norfolk
9,63
Pirnhow
Stigandus
Ælfgar 'of Winfarthing'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Godwine 'of Pirnhow'
0.50
0.50
1.00
C
Map
Sussex
2,8
Patching
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
12.00
12.00
15.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,10
Overton
Æthelnoth Cild
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Robert brother of Gilbert the clerk
2.00
2.22
1.67
B
Map
Hampshire
2,10
Overton
Wulfstan 'of Overton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Gilbert brother of Robert the clerk
2.00
2.22
1.67
B
Map
Hampshire
29,1
Otterbourne
Cypping 'of Worthy'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Mortimer
-
4.00
8.00
5.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
5,15
Orwell
S'
3 men of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Osbern 'of Buckland'
0.50
0.75
0.75
A
Map
Hertfordshire
37,6
Orwell
Stig'
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hardwin de Scales
Wihtgar 'of Orwell'
1.46
1.25
1.40
A
Map
Cambridgeshire
13,8
Orwell
1 sokeman, man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger, earl
-
0.33
0.63
0.25
A
Map
Kent
2,30
Orpington
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Mauger the man of Bishop Odo
1.50
2.00
2.50
C
Map
Kent
3,1
Orpington
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
5.00
12.50
20.83
C
Map
Kent
3,1
Orpington
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
1.00
2.50
4.17
C
Map
Kent
3,22
Orgarswick
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
1.50
2.15
2.15
C
Map
Bedfordshire
51,4
Old Warden
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de L'Isle
-
0.38
0.00
0.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,1
Old Alresford
Wulfric Cepe
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Robert brother of Gilbert the clerk
3.50
2.75
4.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,1
Old Alresford
Osbern fitzOsbern
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Walter 'the man of Walkelin, bishop of Winchester'
2.00
1.57
2.00
B
Map
Suffolk
7,60
Offton
Stigandus
Leofcild 'of Offton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Hugh de Houdain
2.00
3.00
3.00
C
Map
Suffolk
7,60
Offton
Stigandus
-
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Hugh de Houdain
0.13
0.14
0.14
C
Map
Suffolk
77,1
Occold
Stigandus
Beorhthere 'of Occold'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.17
0.17
0.17
C
Map
Hampshire
3,2
Nursling
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
5.00
8.00
10.00
C
Map
Norfolk
21,37
Norwich
Stigandus
Ewicman 'of Norwich'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Reynold fitzIvo
-
1.50
1.50
1.50
C
Map
Norfolk
1,62
Norwich
Stigandus
Ewicman 'of Norwich'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Reynold fitzIvo
1.69
1.50
1.50
B
Map
Kent
3,9
Northgate
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
2.00
17.00
17.00
C
Map
Norfolk
10,5
North Elmham
Stigandus
24 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, bishop of Thetford
-
1.00
0.00
0.00
B
Map
Suffolk
38,16
Newton
Stigandus
Leofsunu 'of Newton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger de Rames
Ralph of Hastings
0.33
1.00
0.50
C
Map
Norfolk
1,123
Newton
Stigandus
1 free woman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godric the steward
1.00
1.00
1.50
B
Map
Norfolk
5,5
Nayland
Stigandus
11 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Eustace, count
-
0.42
0.50
0.50
C
Map
Norfolk
9,191
Nayland
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
0.25
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,229
Mundham
Stigandus
3 free men, of Mundham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.21
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
9,49
Mundham
Stigandus
Ælfric 'of Mundham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Ulfkil 'of Framingham'
0.25
0.25
0.25
C
Map
Norfolk
9,67
Mundham
5 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Vaux
0.16
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
35,9
Mundham
Stigandus
Ealdgar 'of Mundham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert fitzCorbucion
Ansger 'of Mundham'
1.00
0.50
0.50
C
Map
Norfolk
20,34
Mulbarton
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
Richard de Saint-Clair
0.25
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Norfolk
20,11
Morley
Stigandus
14 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
Hugh 'the man of Ralph de Beaufour'
0.50
2.00
2.00
C
Map
Norfolk
20,11
Morley
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
Hugh 'the man of Ralph de Beaufour'
0.13
0.55
0.55
C
Map
Kent
3,7
Monkton
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
40.00
20.00
40.00
C
Map
Buckinghamshire
2,3
Monks Risborough
Esgar the staller
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
30.00
16.00
16.00
B
Map
Essex
2,7
Milton
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
2.00
5.00
8.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,17
Millbrook
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
5.00
5.00
5.00
C
Map
Norfolk
4,8
Mileham
Stigandus
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Alan, count
unnamed son of Almær
0.50
0.50
0.50
C
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Mileham
3 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.01
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Mileham
4 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.25
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Mileham
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Mileham
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.07
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Mileham
7 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.28
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Essex
90,9
Midebroc
1 villan 'of Midebroc'
Stigand
Theodric Pointel
-
0.17
0.00
0.20
C
Map
Norfolk
19,6
Middleton
Stigandus
2 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William d'Écouis
-
0.33
0.41
0.41
C
Map
Norfolk
1,210
Methwold
4 free men, of Methwold
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Warenne
0.00
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
8,38
Methwold
Stigandus
4 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
3.00
1.00
2.25
C
Map
Norfolk
8,38
Methwold
Stigandus
4 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
Walter de Grandcourt
1.00
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Norfolk
8,38
Methwold
Stigandus
4 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
Sigmund
1.00
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Surrey
2,5
Merstham
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
20.00
8.00
12.00
C
Map
Kent
3,4
Meopham
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
20.00
15.50
26.00
C
Map
Kent
3,4
Meopham
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
0.00
0.00
0.93
C
Map
Hertfordshire
4,17
Meesden
Stigandus
Alweard 'of Meesden'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Maurice, bishop of London
Payn the steward
1.00
6.00
1.00
A
Map
Hampshire
3,13
Martyr Worthy
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
3.00
8.00
8.00
C
Map
Norfolk
20,35
Markshall
Stigandus
Godwine 'of Swanton Morley'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
-
2.00
8.00
11.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
5,13
Luffenhall
S'
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Osbern 'of Buckland'
1.50
1.80
1.20
A
Map
Kent
3,5
Loose
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
2.00
2.67
6.00
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
26,41
Longstowe
Stigand
1 sokeman, man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
-
0.22
0.53
0.00
A
Map
Hampshire
3,8
Long Sutton
Iusten 'of Sutton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
3.50
3.50
3.50
C
Map
Hampshire
3,8
Long Sutton
Leofsige 'of Long Sutton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
3.50
3.50
3.50
C
Map
Norfolk
35,6
Loddon
Stigandus
Ælfric 'of Loddon'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert fitzCorbucion
Humphrey 'the man of Robert fitzCorbucion'
1.50
1.00
1.50
C
Map
Essex
2,9
Little Stambridge
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
1.00
1.50
2.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
4,6
Little Hadham
Stigandus
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Maurice, bishop of London
William 'the man of Maurice, bishop of London'
0.88
1.75
1.75
A
Map
Kent
3,15
Little Chart
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
5.00
4.17
6.42
C
Map
Kent
3,15
Little Chart
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
1.00
0.83
2.00
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
26,23
Litlington
Stigand
Ælfgar, the man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hardwin de Scales
Adelulf 'of Litlington'
0.50
1.60
0.60
A
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Litcham
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.04
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Hertfordshire
5,10
Libury
Stigandus
3 men of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
1.83
1.57
1.57
A
Map
Hertfordshire
5,12
Libury
S'
Alweard 'of Meesden'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.09
0.05
0.05
A
Map
Essex
2,4
Lawling
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
14.00
12.00
16.00
C
Map
Essex
2,5
Latchingdon
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
2.00
1.00
1.25
C
Map
Norfolk
1,236
Lakenham
2 sokemen, of Lakenham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.03
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,214
Kirtling
2 sokemen, of Kirtling
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.14
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
6,7
Kirby Cane
Stigandus
Osmund 'Kirby Cane'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hugh, earl
Warin fitzBurnin
1.00
0.75
0.75
C
Map
Norfolk
9,29
Kirby Bedon
Stigandus
1 free man and 2 half-free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Courson
0.38
0.25
0.25
C
Map
Norfolk
1,77
Kipton
Stigandus
9 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godric the steward
0.50
0.27
0.47
B
Map
Cambridgeshire
32,21
Kingston
Stigandus
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Picot of Cambridge
Ralph de Bans
0.75
1.60
0.80
A
Map
Norfolk
1,142
Kilverstone
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godric the steward
1.50
2.00
2.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,2
Kilmeston
Godwine of Worthy
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
-
5.00
5.00
5.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,7
Kilmeston
unnamed wife of Ealdred
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Ealdred brother of Oda
5.00
5.00
5.00
B
Map
Norfolk
9,198
Keswick
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Aitard de Vaux
0.25
0.13
0.21
C
Map
Norfolk
8,65
Kempston
Stigandus
4 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
-
1.00
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Buckinghamshire
12,20
Ivinghoe Aston
S
Godwine the priest 'of Ivinghoe'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Mortain
Ralph 'the man of Robert, count of Mortain (in the East Midlands)'
0.75
0.50
0.25
A
Map
Hampshire
3,8
Itchel and Cove
Leofwine 'of Chilton Candover'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
4.00
3.00
4.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,8
Itchel and Cove
Wulfweard 'of Crofton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
4.00
3.00
4.00
C
Map
Norfolk
23,10
Islington
Stigandus
5 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hugh de Montfort
-
0.56
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Suffolk
1,116
Ipswich
Stigandus
2 burgesses
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
50,4
Ingoldis Thorpe
Stigandus
Thorkil 'of Ingoldis Thorpe'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger fitzReynard
-
1.50
1.00
1.50
C
Map
Norfolk
35,7
Ingloss
Stigandus
Wulfric 'of Ingloss'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert fitzCorbucion
Humphrey 'the man of Robert fitzCorbucion'
1.00
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Ierpstuna
21 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Ierpstuna
8 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.10
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Kent
3,8
Ickham
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
6.00
16.50
32.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,6
Hurstbourne Priors
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
28.25
16.50
26.50
C
Map
Hampshire
3,6
Hurstbourne Priors
3 thegns
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
5.00
8.00
6.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,6
Hurstbourne Priors
Æthelnoth Cild
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
2.00
3.00
3.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,6
Hurstbourne Priors
Sæwine 'of Hurstbourne Priors'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
1.75
6.00
2.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,6
Hurstbourne Priors
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
1.00
2.50
2.50
C
Map
Norfolk
1,209
Hunstanton
4 sokemen, of Hunstanton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.50
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
1,209
Hunstanton
1 free woman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.25
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
10,51
Hunstanton
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, bishop of Thetford
-
1.00
0.50
0.50
B
Map
Norfolk
1,105
Howe
Stigandus
Alnoth 'of Howe'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godric the steward
1.00
2.00
3.00
A
Map
Buckinghamshire
12,23
Horton
S
Brunmann 'of Horton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Mortain
Alstan 'of Horton'
0.25
0.15
0.10
A
Map
Buckinghamshire
29,1
Horton
Stigandus
Ealdred 'of Horton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walter fitzOther
-
10.00
6.00
6.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,231
Horstead
18 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Roger de Poitou
3.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,77
Horningtoft
Stigandus
9 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godric the steward
1.00
0.53
0.93
B
Map
Hertfordshire
38,2
Hormead
Stigandus
Alnoth Grut
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Edgar Ætheling
Godwine 'of Hormead'
1.50
2.67
1.78
A
Map
Suffolk
64,3
Horham
Stigandus
Ælfgar 'of Horham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Judicael the priest
-
0.33
0.37
0.37
C
Map
Kent
3,3
Hollingbourne
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
11.00
18.33
27.50
C
Map
Kent
3,3
Hollingbourne
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
1.00
1.67
2.50
C
Map
Hertfordshire
5,21
Hodenhoe
Stigandus
3 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Osbern 'of Buckland'
0.84
2.25
1.50
A
Map
Hampshire
3,22
Hoddington
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
5.00
4.00
4.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
37,10
Hinxworth
Stig'
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hardwin de Scales
Theobald 'of Barley'
0.50
0.75
0.50
A
Map
Hampshire
3,18
Hinton Ampner
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
5.00
8.00
8.00
C
Map
Suffolk
3,79
Hintlesham
Stigandu
Siward 'of Hintlesham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Alan, count
Ralph 'of Hintlesham'
1.00
2.00
2.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,210
Hilgay
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.25
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Hampshire
3,7
Highclere
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
1.00
2.00
2.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,7
Highclere
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
9.00
10.16
9.00
C
Map
Norfolk
61,1
Hellesdon
6 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Godwine Haldein
-
0.01
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Somerset
19,40
Hele
Ealdred 'of Kingston Seymour'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Mortain
Alfred the butler
1.00
2.00
4.00
A
Map
Norfolk
6,4
Hedenham
Stigandus
Ælfgar 'of Winfarthing'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hugh, earl
-
2.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,229
Heckingham
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Vaux
0.25
0.20
0.20
C
Map
Norfolk
12,42
Heckingham
Stigandus
Haghni 'of Bedingham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Godric the steward
-
4.00
1.00
3.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
5,19
Hazelhanger
Stigandus
Leofflæd 'of Knighton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Adam fitzHubert
0.33
0.50
0.10
A
Map
Hampshire
3,25
Hayling
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
5.00
5.00
4.50
C
Map
Hampshire
3,27
Havant
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
10.00
8.00
8.00
C
Map
Buckinghamshire
4,3
Hartwell
S
1 sokeman, man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Helto the steward
0.50
0.42
0.42
A
Map
Norfolk
2,3
Harpley
5 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.10
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Hertfordshire
16,8
Hare Street
Stigandus
Alric 'of Hare Street'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Alan, count
Roger 'of Hare Street'
0.50
0.65
0.50
A
Map
Norfolk
9,218
Hapton
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
0.25
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,21
Hannington
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
7.00
5.00
15.00
C
Map
Buckinghamshire
17,4
Hampden
Stigandus
Baldwin fitzHerluin
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William fitzAnsculf
Odbert 'of Hampden'
3.00
5.00
4.00
A
Map
Wiltshire
2,5
Ham
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
8.63
6.00
9.00
C
Map
Norfolk
31,16
Hales
Stigandus
Toki 'of Hales'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph Baynard
unnamed Frenchmen
0.25
0.85
1.50
C
Map
Hertfordshire
23,1
Hainstone
Stigand
Leodmær 'of Bygrave'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Limésy
-
0.56
1.00
0.50
A
Map
Norfolk
26,2
Hainford
Stigandus
Ketil Alder
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger the Poitevin
-
1.00
5.00
7.00
C
Map
Suffolk
15,2
Hadleigh
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
5.00
12.00
15.00
C
Map
Suffolk
15,2
Hadleigh
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
0.50
0.20
0.25
E
Map
Suffolk
15,2
Hadleigh
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
0.50
0.20
0.25
E
Map
Norfolk
1,238
Haddiscoe
4 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.67
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Norfolk
9,103
Haddiscoe
Stigandus
9 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
1.00
0.75
0.75
C
Map
Norfolk
31,18
Haddiscoe
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph Baynard
-
0.13
0.10
0.10
C
Map
Norfolk
35,17
Haddiscoe
Stigandus
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert fitzCorbucion
-
0.25
0.20
0.55
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
32,8
Guilden Morden
Stigandus
Osgot 'of Guilden Mordern'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Picot of Cambridge
-
1.50
4.29
2.79
A
Map
Cambridgeshire
32,8
Guilden Morden
Stigandus
Godwine 'of Guilden Morden'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Picot of Cambridge
-
0.13
0.36
0.23
A
Map
Cambridgeshire
32,8
Guilden Morden
Stigandus
William 'of Guilden Morden'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Picot of Cambridge
-
0.13
0.36
0.23
A
Map
Norfolk
2,2
Grimston
14 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
1.00
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Hertfordshire
1,10
Great Offley
Stigandus
Alwine 'of Great Offley'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Edward of Purton
0.50
0.33
0.17
A
Map
Kent
3,14
Great Chart
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
6.00
12.00
20.00
C
Map
Norfolk
19,9
Great Bircham
Stigandus
Thor 'of Great Bircham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William d'Écouis
-
4.00
2.00
4.00
C
Map
Norfolk
12,1
Gooderstone
Stigandus
2 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Godric the steward
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Kent
3,13
Godmersham
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
16.00
12.00
20.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,47
Gissing
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
1 free man
0.35
0.25
0.50
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Gillingham
9 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
2.44
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Gillingham
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.27
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Gillingham
1 free man and 1 half-free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.41
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Gillingham
1 half-free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.14
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Gillingham
4 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.13
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,1
Gayton Thorpe
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.25
0.20
0.17
E
Map
Wiltshire
2,3
Fyfield
Alsige the monk
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Edward of Salisbury
5.00
5.00
5.00
C
Map
Norfolk
6,6
Fundenhall
Stigandus
Ælfric 'of Fundenhall'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hugh, earl
Ælfric 'of Fundenhall'
2.00
3.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
6,6
Fundenhall
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hugh, earl
-
0.38
0.30
0.30
C
Map
Norfolk
8,49
Fring
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
-
0.17
0.07
0.07
C
Map
Hampshire
3,5
Freefolk
Eadnoth the staller
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
9.00
16.00
10.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,7
Framingham
Stigandus
Godwine 'of Framingham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Roger Bigod
0.50
1.00
2.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,98
Forncett
Stigandus
Coleman 'of Forncett'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
1.00
3.00
6.00
C
Map
Norfolk
11,5
Forncett
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Osbern fitzOsbern, bishop of Exeter
-
0.25
0.50
0.75
C
Map
Norfolk
2,12
Flordon
Stigandus
2 free men and 1 half-free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Roger Bigod
0.21
0.10
0.10
C
Map
Norfolk
9,200
Flordon
Stigandus
2 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
2 free men
0.25
0.10
0.10
C
Map
Suffolk
19,15
Flixton
Stigandus
Eskil 'of Flixton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, bishop of Thetford
-
0.25
0.40
0.53
A
Map
Suffolk
19,17
Flixton
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, bishop of Thetford
William de Noyers
0.25
0.50
0.50
C
Map
Suffolk
19,21
Flixton
Stigandus
unnamed head of Flixton church
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, bishop of Thetford
-
1.00
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Suffolk
53,5
Flixton
Stigandus
Offa 'of Bedingham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Eudo fitzSpirewic
Geoffrey 'the man of Eudo fitzSpirewic'
2.00
2.00
3.00
C
Map
Suffolk
53,5
Flixton
Stigandus
2 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Eudo fitzSpirewic
-
0.25
0.30
0.53
C
Map
Norfolk
9,6
Flitcham
Stigandus
Ælfgar 'of Winfarthing'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Ranulph fitzWalter
2.00
2.00
0.05
A
Map
Norfolk
9,6
Flitcham
Stigandus
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
0.04
0.10
0.10
A
Map
Kent
2,39
Finglesham
Leofnoth 'of Sutton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
William Follet
1.00
1.00
0.75
C
Map
Hampshire
3,19
Fawley
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
2.00
3.00
0.75
C
Map
Hampshire
3,8
Farnborough
Alwine 'of Farnborough'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
3.00
3.00
3.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,15
Fareham
Herk 'of Fareham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Geoffrey 'the man of Bishop Walkelin'
4.00
2.24
2.24
B
Map
Hampshire
2,15
Fareham
Godwine of Worthy
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
William nephew of Bishop Walkelin
1.00
0.35
0.35
B
Map
Kent
3,18
Eythorne
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
4.00
4.71
7.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,11
Exton
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
10.00
16.00
30.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,11
Exton
Leofing 'of Exton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
2.00
2.00
2.00
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
31,7
Eversden
Stigandus
2 sokemen, men of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
-
1.75
4.61
0.00
A
Map
Wiltshire
2,10
Enford
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
19.00
21.53
20.00
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,10
Enford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
William 'the man of Walkelin, bishop of Winchester'
5.00
5.67
8.64
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,10
Enford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Harold 'of Enford'
2.00
2.27
3.45
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,10
Enford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
1 priest
1.00
1.13
1.73
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,10
Enford
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
1 Englishman
3.00
3.40
5.18
C
Map
Norfolk
1,239
Ellingham
5 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.33
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Buckinghamshire
17,3
Ellesborough
Stigandus
Baldwin fitzHerluin
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William fitzAnsculf
Odbert 'of Hampden'
1.50
1.00
0.25
A
Map
Suffolk
15,5
Eleigh
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
2.00
15.00
20.00
C
Map
Suffolk
42,1
Eleigh
Stigandus
Wulfweard 'of Eleigh'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Tihel de Helléan
-
3.00
2.00
4.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
5,23
Echington
Stigandus
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Osbern 'of Buckland'
0.25
0.75
0.50
A
Map
Hampshire
3,20
Ecchinswell
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
10.00
7.00
8.00
C
Map
Kent
3,17
Eastry
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
15.56
26.52
36.52
C
Map
Hampshire
2,5
Easton
Alwine 'of Easton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Alwine 'of Easton'
1.25
1.25
1.25
D
Map
Hampshire
2,5
Easton
Beorhtric 'of Newton Valence'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Geoffrey 'the man of Bishop Walkelin'
3.00
3.00
3.00
B
Map
Hampshire
2,5
Easton
Ælfheah 'of Easton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Thurstan Rufus
0.43
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
31,5
East Ruston
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph Baynard
-
2.00
2.00
2.00
C
Map
Kent
3,2
East Peckham
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
6.50
6.50
8.00
C
Map
Kent
3,2
East Peckham
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
4.50
4.50
4.00
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,11
East Overton
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
13.13
6.00
8.00
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,11
East Overton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Durand the man of Bishop Walkelin
1.88
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Surrey
2,6
East Horsley
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
14.00
4.00
5.00
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
32,10
East Hatley
S
3 sokemen, men of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Picot of Cambridge
-
0.75
1.13
0.75
A
Map
Kent
3,5
East Farleigh
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
9.00
12.00
22.00
C
Map
Kent
3,5
East Farleigh
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
1.00
1.33
9.00
C
Map
Kent
3,5
East Farleigh
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
0.00
0.00
4.00
C
Map
Norfolk
20,9
East Dereham
Stigandus
Harold 'of East Dereham'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
Odard 'of Drayton'
2.00
1.00
2.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,219
Earsham
Stigandus
11 sokemen, of Earsham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,212
Dunham
8 sokemen, of Dunham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.28
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Hampshire
3,9
Droxford
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
14.00
26.00
26.00
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,1
Downton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Waleran the huntsman
5.00
4.18
4.18
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,1
Downton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Ralph 'the man of Walkelin, bishop of Winchester'
5.00
4.18
4.18
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,1
Downton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Ansgot 'of Downton'
3.50
2.93
2.93
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,1
Downton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
William, king
4.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,1
Downton
1 priest
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
1 priest of Downton
4.00
3.00
3.00
C
Map
Wiltshire
2,1
Downton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
William de Briouze
14.00
11.71
11.71
C
Map
Norfolk
2,5
Docking
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
1.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
29,5
Docking
Stigandus
Ælfric 'of Denton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Eudo fitzSpirewic
-
0.00
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,228
Ditchingham
Stigandus
22 sokemen, of Ditchingham
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.50
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
20,10
Deopham
3 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
-
0.00
1.38
1.38
C
Map
Norfolk
1,220
Denton
Stigandus
9 sokemen, of Denton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.50
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
29,6
Denton
Stigandus
Ælfric 'of Denton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Eudo fitzSpirewic
-
2.00
3.00
4.00
C
Map
Suffolk
7,4
Denham
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Aitard de Vaux
0.25
0.20
0.20
C
Map
Suffolk
7,4
Denham
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Aitard de Vaux
0.08
0.10
0.10
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
26,21
Croydon
S
Alflæd 8 'of Croydon'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
-
1.00
1.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
1,211
Croxton
16 sokemen, of Croxton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Warenne
0.00
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
1,211
Croxton
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Ralph de Tosny
0.00
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
20,13
Crownthorpe
Stigandus
Coleman 'of Forncett'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Beaufour
Richard de Saint-Clair
0.25
1.50
1.50
C
Map
Somerset
19,7
Crowcombe
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Mortain
Robert fitzIvo
10.00
8.00
8.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,8
Crondall
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
50.00
15.50
24.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,12
Cringleford
Stigandus
Alfred the priest
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Roger Bigod
1.00
1.00
2.00
C
Map
Norfolk
4,55
Cringleford
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Alan, count
Roger Bigod
0.13
0.15
0.15
C
Map
Norfolk
9,201
Cringleford
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
0.13
0.15
0.15
C
Map
Kent
2,7
Crayford
Osweard of Norton
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
-
8.00
12.00
16.00
C
Map
Hampshire
2,8
Crawley
Alwine Stilla
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Hugh de Port
3.00
16.15
7.00
B
Map
Suffolk
1,108
Covehithe
Stigandus
2 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
0.27
0.20
0.20
C
Map
Suffolk
32,20
Covehithe
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Geoffrey de Mandeville
William fitzSaxwalo de Bouville
0.17
0.20
0.20
C
Map
Cambridgeshire
32,14
Comberton
S
1 sokeman, man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
-
-
0.38
0.75
0.00
A
Map
Cambridgeshire
44,1
Comberton
Stigandus
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Erchenger the baker
-
0.38
0.64
0.48
A
Map
Norfolk
8,8
Coltishall
Stigand
16 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
-
0.92
1.50
2.00
C
Map
Norfolk
26,4
Coltishall
Stigandus
4 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger the Poitevin
-
1.75
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,199
Colney
Stigandus
1 free man
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Warenger 'of Hedingham'
1.00
0.83
1.25
C
Map
Norfolk
9,199
Colney
Stigandus
9 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Warenger 'of Hedingham'
0.20
0.17
0.25
C
Map
Essex
2,1
Coggeshall
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
0.75
3.00
3.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
5,14
Clothall
S'
Alnoth Grut
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Osbern 'of Buckland'
5.00
6.35
4.44
A
Map
Hertfordshire
5,14
Clothall
S'
3 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Osbern 'of Buckland'
2.75
3.49
2.44
A
Map
Hertfordshire
5,14
Clothall
S'
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Osbern 'of Buckland'
0.13
0.16
0.11
A
Map
Hertfordshire
37,3
Clothall
Stig'
Thorbert the priest, the man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hardwin de Scales
Theobald 'of Barley'
0.23
0.50
0.25
A
Map
Kent
3,6
Cliffe
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
7.00
6.00
16.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,56
Claxton
Stigandus
Swetmann 'of Claxton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Vaux
0.25
0.48
0.48
C
Map
Hampshire
2,16
Chingescamp
Stigandus
Wulfric, abbot of Ely
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Richer de les Andelys
0.50
0.75
0.25
A
Map
Hampshire
2,19
Chilton Candover
Godwine of Worthy
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Richer de les Andelys
5.00
4.00
3.50
B
Map
Hampshire
2,19
Chilton Candover
Leofwine 'of Chilton Candover'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Richer de les Andelys
5.00
4.00
3.50
B
Map
Hampshire
3,1
Chilcomb
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
1.00
62.69
80.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,1
Chilcomb
Manna 'of Chilcomb'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
0.00
3.24
7.20
C
Map
Hampshire
3,1
Chilcomb
Cypping 'of Worthy'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
0.00
1.08
2.40
C
Map
Hampshire
3,1
Chilcomb
Ælfhere ‘Isenthegn’
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
0.00
1.08
2.40
C
Map
Hampshire
3,1
Chilcomb
Gerald 'of Chilcomb'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
0.00
2.16
4.80
C
Map
Hampshire
3,1
Chilcomb
Æthelmær 'of Chilcombe'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
0.00
1.08
2.40
C
Map
Hampshire
3,1
Chilcomb
Godwine of Worthy
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
0.00
1.08
2.40
C
Map
Hampshire
3,1
Chilcomb
Ælfheah 'of Easton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
0.25
1.08
2.40
C
Map
Hampshire
3,3
Chilbolton
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
5.75
6.90
8.63
C
Map
Hampshire
3,3
Chilbolton
1 reeve
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
4.25
5.10
6.38
C
Map
Hampshire
41,1
Chilbolton
Ordweald 'of Chilbolton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Richard Estormi
-
3.75
4.00
4.00
B
Map
Buckinghamshire
12,21
Cheddington
S
3 men of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Mortain
Ralph 'the man of Robert, count of Mortain (in the East Midlands)'
1.25
0.50
0.50
A
Map
Surrey
2,2
Cheam
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
20.00
8.00
14.00
C
Map
Kent
3,12
Chartham
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
8.00
12.00
25.00
C
Map
Middlesex
18,1
Charlton
Stigandus
1 brother
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger de Raismes
-
2.50
2.50
0.75
A
Map
Norfolk
1,233
Catton
13 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
1.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,4
Castle Rising
7 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.20
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Norfolk
2,4
Castle Rising
3 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.50
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Norfolk
2,4
Castle Rising
1 sokeman
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.50
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Norfolk
9,66
Carleton St Peter
2 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
Robert de Vaux
0.04
0.00
0.00
E
Map
Norfolk
8,14
Carleton Rode
Stigandus
Almær 'of Carleton Rode'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William de Warenne
-
0.25
0.25
0.25
C
Map
Norfolk
1,81
Carleton
Stigandus
9 free men or sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
Godric the steward
0.28
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Hertfordshire
23,2
Caldecot
Stigand
Leodmær 'of Bygrave'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Limésy
-
1.25
5.00
2.00
A
Map
Hampshire
IoW2,1
Calbourne
unnamed alodiaries
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Robert brother of Gilbert the clerk
6.00
3.00
3.65
C
Map
Hampshire
IoW2,1
Calbourne
unnamed alodiaries
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Herpul 'of Calbourne'
2.00
1.00
1.22
C
Map
Hampshire
IoW2,1
Calbourne
unnamed alodiaries
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Alsige 'of Calbourne'
3.50
1.75
2.13
C
Map
Hampshire
IoW2,1
Calbourne
unnamed head of Calbourne church
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
Mauger 'of Calbourne'
0.50
0.25
1.50
C
Map
Hertfordshire
7,2
Bygrave
Stigandus
Leodmær 'of Bygrave'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, bishop of Chester
-
4.25
10.20
8.50
A
Map
Hertfordshire
7,2
Bygrave
Stigandus
2 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, bishop of Chester
-
0.75
1.80
1.50
A
Map
Wiltshire
2,8
Bushton
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
10.00
3.00
6.00
C
Map
Suffolk
16,35
Burstall
Stigandus
Godwine 'of Boynton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
Roger Bigod
0.25
0.35
0.35
A
Map
Sussex
10,99
Burleigh
Ælfhere 'of Ewhurst'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, count of Mortain
William de Cahagnes
1.50
1.00
0.50
C
Map
Berkshire
46,4
Burghfield
Æthelsige, abbot of St Augustine's, Canterbury
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Ralph de Mortimer
1 knight
1.50
2.00
2.50
C
Map
Suffolk
1,110
Bungay
Stangandus
Alwine 'of Bungay'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
1.00
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Suffolk
1,110
Bungay
Stangandus
Wulfmær 'of Kirby Cane'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
1.00
0.99
0.64
C
Map
Suffolk
1,111
Bungay
Stigandus
15 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
0.92
0.80
1.15
C
Map
Hertfordshire
43,1
Broxbourne
Stig'
1 sokeman, reeve of Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Adelize de Grandmesnil
-
0.50
0.64
0.36
A
Map
Kent
3,21
Brook
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
unnamed monks of Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1086
2.00
2.50
4.00
C
Map
Suffolk
7,75
Brome
Stigandus
Gode of Brome
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
-
2.00
1.50
3.05
C
Map
Suffolk
7,75
Brome
Stigandus
25 free men and 3 half-free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Roger Bigod
William Scudet
0.80
1.50
1.00
C
Map
Hampshire
3,26
Brockhampton
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1066
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
6.00
5.00
5.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,226
Brockdish
5 free men
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
William de Noyers
0.50
0.60
4.80
A
Map
Hertfordshire
7,3
Broadfield
Stigandus
Leodmær 'of Bygrave'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Robert, bishop of Chester
-
0.25
0.25
0.15
A
Map
Hertfordshire
37,5
Broadfield
Stig'
2 brothers
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Hardwin de Scales
Theobald 'of Barley'
1.06
2.00
1.00
A
Map
Hertfordshire
41,2
Broadfield
Stigandus
Osgot, the man of Archbishop Stigand
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Sigar de Chocques
-
1.19
3.00
1.50
A
Map
Hertfordshire
34,14
Brickendon
Stig'
Leofrun 'of Brickendon'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Geoffrey de Bec
Isembard 'of Brickendon'
1.25
2.00
0.50
A
Map
Kent
2,31
Brasted
Æthelnoth Cild
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Hamon the sheriff
3.00
10.00
17.00
C
Map
Norfolk
19,31
Brant
Stigandus
Alwine 'of Brant'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William d'Écouis
Odard 'of Banham'
0.42
0.50
0.50
C
Map
Hampshire
3,15
Bransbury
Æthelsige, abbot of St Augustine's, Canterbury
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester
unnamed monks of Old Minster, Winchester, in 1086
4.00
5.00
6.00
B
Map
Suffolk
1,107
Brampton
Stingandus
Thorsten 'of Brampton'
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
0.17
0.20
0.20
C
Map
Suffolk
1,119
Bramford
Stigandus
Brun, reeve of Ipswich
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
0.25
0.25
0.25
-
Map
Suffolk
1,119
Bramford
Stigandus
3 sokemen
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
William, king
-
0.08
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,9
Bramerton
Alfred the priest
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.02
0.00
0.00
-
Map
Total
1493.82
1668.79
2077.43
Lord 2 1066
Shire
Phil. ref.
Vill
Lord 2 1066 DB Spelling
Holder 1066
Lord 1066
Tenant-in-Chief 1086
1086
subtenant
Fiscal value
1066
value
1086 value
Lord 2 1066 ID conf.
Show on map
Norfolk
20,24
Wroxham
3 free men
Harold, earl
Ralph de Beaufour
-
1.25
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
6,5
Woodton
Stigandus
2 free men and 1 half-free man
Ælfgar 'of Winfarthing'
Hugh, earl
-
0.50
1.00
2.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,225
Thorpe Abbots
18 free men, of Thorpe Abbots
Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
William, king
William de Noyers
0.75
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
9,43
Surlingham
Stigand
2 free men and 1 half-free man
Godwine 'of Surlingham'
Roger Bigod
Godwine 'of Surlingham'
0.17
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,223
Starston
15 sokemen, of Starston II
Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
William, king
William de Noyers
0.50
0.00
0.00
A
Map
Norfolk
9,167
Starston
Stigandus
1 free man
Wulfric, abbot of Ely
Roger Bigod
Godwine 'of Starston'
0.50
0.50
0.50
C
Map
Norfolk
14,21
Starston
Stigandus
1 free man
Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
-
0.04
0.04
0.04
C
Map
Norfolk
9,44
Rockland St Mary
Stigand
1 free man and 2 half-free men
Godwine 'of Surlingham'
Roger Bigod
Godwine 'of Surlingham'
0.17
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
9,63
Pirnhow
1 sokeman
Ælfgar 'of Winfarthing'
Roger Bigod
-
0.03
0.00
0.00
D
Map
Norfolk
10,50
Mintlyn
Stigandus
15 free men
Æthelmær, bishop of Elmham
William, bishop of Thetford
-
0.33
1.50
1.50
C
Map
Norfolk
66,55
Lynn
Stigandus
1 free man
Wulfric, abbot of Ely
Ralph Baynard
-
0.11
0.20
0.20
C
Map
Suffolk
34,5
Loose
Stigandus
Leofstan 'of Bricett'
Edward, king
Ranulph Peverel
-
1.50
2.00
2.00
D
Map
Norfolk
13,13
Islington
Stigandus
15 free men
Thorkil 'of Stow Bardolph'
Hermer de Ferrers
-
0.25
0.80
0.50
C
Map
Norfolk
34,4
Ingoldisthorpe
Stigandus
3 free men
unnamed antecessor of Peter de Valognes
Peter de Valognes
-
0.32
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Suffolk
7,124
Harpole
Stigandus
1 free man
Ælfwine
Roger Bigod
Ranulph fitzWalter
0.08
0.10
0.10
C
Map
Norfolk
14,20
Harleston
Stigandus
1 free man
Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
-
0.10
0.08
0.08
C
Map
Norfolk
9,228
Haddiscoe
Stigandus
1 free man
Edward, king
Roger Bigod
Turold 'the man of Roger Bigod'
0.33
0.50
0.50
C
Map
Norfolk
9,228
Haddiscoe
Stigandus
6 free men
Edward, king
Roger Bigod
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,60
Gillingham
Stigandus
2 free men
Gyrth, earl
William, king
-
0.29
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
2,1
Gayton Thorpe
1 sokeman
Northmann
Odo, bishop of Bayeux
-
0.25
0.20
0.17
C
Map
Norfolk
66,22
Gayton Thorpe
Stigandus
Thorkil 'of Gayton Thorpe'
unnamed antecessor of Hermer de Ferrers
Hermer de Ferrers
-
1.00
1.00
1.00
C
Map
Norfolk
66,23
Gayton
Stigandus
1 free man
unnamed antecessor of Hermer de Ferrers
Hermer de Ferrers
Bordin 'of Thorpland'
0.50
0.15
0.15
C
Map
Norfolk
10,53
Gateley
1 free man
Bondi 'of Raynham'
William, bishop of Thetford
-
0.05
0.00
0.03
D
Map
Norfolk
66,71
Flitcham
Stigandus
10 free men
Northmann
Ralph Baynard
Roger Bigod
0.67
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
66,20
East Winch
Stigandus
2 free men
unnamed antecessor of Hermer de Ferrers
Hermer de Ferrers
Bordin 'of Thorpland'
0.25
0.10
0.06
C
Map
Norfolk
66,87
Dersingham
Stigandus
1 free man
Anund 'of Dersingham'
Ralph Baynard
Peter de Valognes
0.10
0.10
0.05
C
Map
Hertfordshire
2,1
Datchworth
Stigandus
Ælfric the black
Edwin, abbot of Westminster
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
Ansketil de Rots
1.00
3.00
1.50
A
Map
Norfolk
26,2
Crostwick
Stigandus
6 men
Ketil Alder
Roger the Poitevin
Albert Greslet (aka Crematus)
1.00
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Norfolk
1,226
Brockdish
23 free men
Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
William, king
William de Noyers
1.17
1.40
11.20
A
Map
Norfolk
43,2
Billingford
Stigandus
12 free men
Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
Roger de Rames
Warenger 'of Hedingham'
0.50
0.36
0.18
C
Map
Norfolk
20,31
Belaugh
Stigandus
7 sokemen
Ralph the staller
Ralph de Beaufour
-
0.18
0.40
0.40
C
Map
Norfolk
1,182
Bedingham
Stigandus
Haghni 'of Bedingham'
Edward, king
William, king
-
2.00
4.00
7.63
C
Map
Norfolk
34,1
Bablingley
Stigandus
7 sokemen
Thorth 'of East Anglia'
Peter de Valognes
William de Parthenay
0.05
0.00
0.00
C
Map
Total
15.94
17.43
29.79
Career
Stigand’s name was Old Norse whereas that of his brother, Æthelmær, was Old English. This suggests that Stigand was born into an Anglo-Scandinavian family. There are several indications that his family had a base in East Anglia: Stigand enjoyed extensive lands and lordships in Norfolk, Suffolk and eastern Cambridgeshire; his first appointment was to a minster in Essex; both he and Æthelmær were bishops of the East Anglian see of Elmham; their sister held 32 acres in Norwich; Æthelmær is known to have to have married a Norfolk landholder (LDB 116a, 195a (Norfolk 1,61; 10:28)), and he also held property in Norwich described as his patrimonium. However, as we shall see, Stigand held a significant number of property and attracted a large number of commended men in south Cambridgeshire, west Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire; it is therefore possible that his family also had a base in the southeast Midlands.
Stigand first appears in the historical record in 1020. In that year, King Cnut constructed a minster at Assandun in Essex for the souls of those who had been slain in battle there in 1016, ‘and gave it to his own priest (his anum preoste) whose name was Stigand’ (ASC F s.a. 1020; ed. Baker 2000: 111). He appears subsequently to have served as a priest in the king’s household, for the subscription of a priest named Stigand occurs in 4 of the diplomas of King Cnut and 2 of King Harthacnut (Keynes 1998: Table 58). Stigand is also styled sacerdos in a list of names entered on folio 29r of the Liber Vitae of the New Minster, Winchester (Keynes 1996: 97); and regis capellanus by John of Worcester, and in a Bury narrative which describes his acquisition of Mildenhall (Darlington and McGurk 1995: 526, 540; Dugdale 1846: iii. 155).
Stigand’s prominence at court was probably a function of his close relationship with Queen Emma, the widow of King Æthelred II, wife of Cnut, and mother of King Edward the Confessor and Harthacnut. The annal for 1043 in the C-text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Stigand was consecrated bishop of Elmham; that soon afterwards Emma was deprived of her land and treasure; and that ‘soon after this Stigand was deprived of his bishopric, and all that he owned was placed in the king’s control because he was closest in his mother’s counsel, and because it was suspected that she did as he advised’ (ASC C s.a. 1043). Like many of Edward’s depositions, this one proved short-lived, for the E-text of the Chronicle records that he was restored to his bishopric the following year (ASC E s.a. 1044). Bishop Stigand appeared in the witness list of three charters datable 1044 x 1047 (Keynes 1998: Table 72), and was addressed in several of King Edward’s writs relating to East Anglian property (S 1073−4, 1108−9). He also witnessed the will of Thurstan, which was drawn up in c. 1045, and names Stigand as the prospective beneficiary of half a mark of gold (S 1531).
Five East Anglian documents shed further light on this stage of his career. First, a document datable c. 1040 records that certain Stigand leased an estate at Playford in Suffolk to his priest, Ælfgar, with reversion to Bury St Edmunds (S 1224; Cambridge University Library MS Ee. 3. 60 fol. 322v). The reversion to Bury appears not to have been in effect in 1066, for Little Domesday records that Playford was held by a certain Godwine son of Ælfhere under (sub) the queen TRE (LDB 314b (Suffolk 6:112)). However, Stigand held estates and lordships very close to Playford (for example, he held an estate 6 miles away at Bramford, and had a commended Man 2 miles away at Newton), and this commends the view that the lessor of S 1224 was identical with the later archbishop. Second, Stigand preost was among the witnesses to an Essex will, datable 1042 x 1043, and subscribed by King Edward and senior members of his court (S 1530). Third, the will of Leofgifu, datable 1035 x 1044, records her bequest of an estate at Willesham in Suffolk to a certain Stigand (S 1521). Little Domesday Book does not contain an entry for Willesham, but the entry for the nearest vill at Offton records that a certain Leofcild, a free man commended to Stigand, held 2 carucates there (LDB 337a (Suffolk 7:60)), and this suggests that the beneficiary of Leofgifu’s will was identical with the later archbishop. It also raises the possibility that Leofgifu may have been a kinswoman of Archbishop Stigand, for the bequest to Stigand occurs in a list of 5 bequests to people who are specifically stated to have been Leofgifu’s kinsmen. Fourth, Bishop Stigand witnessed an agreement between Abbot Ufi of Bury St Edmunds and Æthelmær, the bishop’s brother, whereby the latter leased estates at Swanton and Hildolveston in Norfolk from the abbot for a mark of gold on condition that both properties should revert to the abbey upon Æthelmær’s death (S 1468). Hildolveston was held by Æthelmær in 1066, and by Bishop William of Thetford in 1086 (LDB 192b (Norfolk 10,15)); and the abbot of Bury is not listed among the several holders of land in Swanton in either 1066 or 1086. Finally, Bishop Stigand is name as one of three persons who retained a copy of a lease agreement, datable 1043 x 1047, between the abbot of Bury and a certain Wulfgeat, although Stigand himself is not specifically named in connection with this transaction (S 1470).
Stigand was translated to the bishopric of Winchester following the death of Bishop Ælfwine on 29 August 1047 (ASC CDE s.a. 1047). Stigand’s brother Æthelmær succeeded him as bishop of Elmham. Stigand witnessed 5 royal diplomas issued between 1047 and 1050, rising from position 5 out of 8 among the bishops in 1048 to position 2 out of 10 in 1050 (Keynes 1998: Table 72). He is also addressed in several of King Edward’s writs relating to property in the Wessex (S 1129, 1136−7, 1153). According to the Vita Edwardi, Stigand attempted to mediate between King Edward and the family of Earl Godwine during the crisis of 1051, and wept when he brought Godwine the news that he had been outlawed at the king’s court (Barlow 1992: 36−8). The E-text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Stigand again mediated between Edward and Godwine when the latter forced his way back from exile in 1052, and the same source records that Stigand was appointed archbishop of Canterbury after Archbishop Robert was forced to escape to Normandy in September of that year (ASC E s.a. 1052). Stigand then held Winchester in plurality with Canterbury until his fall in 1070.
Three documents bear on Stigand’s management of the Winchester endowment, and all three relate to alienations. S 1402 records that Bishop Stigand leased one hide at Sparsholt in Hampshire to a certain Æthelmær for his lifetime and that of his son, Sæman, in return for an unspecified sum of money. Since Bishop Æthelmær is known to have been married (LDB 195 (Norfolk 10:28)), it is conceivable that the lessee was Stigand’s brother. S 1403, datable 1047 x 1053, is a lease by Bishop Stigand to a certain Wulfric for 2 lives, of 2 hides and a yardland at Alton Priors and 3 yardlands at Patney, Wiltshire. S 1476 records that Bishop Stigand agreed to lease 5 hides at Hayling Island in Hampshire to Wulfweard White, with the reversion of both this estate and another 5 hides in the same place to Winchester upon Wulfweard’s death. The witness list of this document suggests that the transaction it records was agreed at a meeting of the Hampshire shire court in c. 1053.
Stigand subscribed all of the extant diplomas of King Edward issued between 1052 and 1066, as archbishop, and in first position among the bishops (Keynes 1998: Table 72). He is also addressed in several of King Edward’s writs (e.g. S 1092−5, 1477). Relatively little is known of his career at Canterbury. He received a writ from King Edward granting him and the community at Christ Church judicial and financial rights (S 1088); and at some stage during his archiepiscopate, possibly in 1054, Beorhtmær of Gracechurch granted to Christ Church, Canterbury a grant of reversion of land (at Gracechurch) with All Hallows Church, following the deaths of his wife and his sons (S 1234). It is also known that, between 1061 and 1066, Archbishop Stigand received from Abbot Ælfwig of Bath a life lease of 30 hides at Tidenham, Gloucestershire, in return for 10 marks of gold and 20 pounds of silver, with reversion to the abbey (S 1426).
Stigand’s tenure of the archbishop of Canterbury coincided with a period when the papacy was increasingly preoccupied with a programme of reform. Stigand’s position as archbishop was at odds with this programme in several respects. He was the first non-monk to be archbishop of Canterbury for nearly a hundred years. He had no prior connection with the community of Canterbury, which had recently elected one of their own, a monk named Ælfric. More seriously, he held Winchester in plurality with that of Canterbury; his elevation to Canterbury was theoretically uncanonical since his predecessor, Robert, remained alive; and he did not go to Rome to collect his pallium − indeed, he was later accused of appropriating the pallium that Robert had left behind. Stigand subsequently accepted the pallium from Pope Benedict X, who was later branded an anti-pope: in 1058, the Roman Tusculum family contrived to depose Pope Leo IX and to install Pope Benedict X as his successor, and shortly afterwards Benedict sent the pallium to Stigand; but in January 1059, Benedict was deposed in favour of Nicholas II (ASC D s.a. 1058, 1059). Professions made to Archbishop Lanfranc written Stigand’s fall in 1070 claim that successive popes – Leo IX, Victor II, Stephen IX, Nicholas II and Alexander II – each excommunicated Stigand in turn (Richter 1973: 26, 27).
Contemporary attitudes to Stigand are difficult to reconstruct, not least because he was so thoroughly vilified after his death (see below). However, there is clear evidence that Stigand’s contemporaries lacked confidence in him, for several of the bishops appointed between 1052 and 1066 sought consecration elsewhere. The annal for 1053 in the C-text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is consistently hostile to Stigand, says that there was ‘no archbishop in the land’ that year, presumably because neither Stigand nor Cynesige of York had yet received the pallium; and the same source goes on to say that two bishops elect, Leofwine of Lichfield and Wulfwig of Dorchester, ‘went overseas’ to be consecrated for that reason (ASC C s.a. 1053). In 1058, having received the pallium from Benedict, Stigand consecrated Æthelric bishop of Selsey and Siward bishop of Rochester (ASC DE s.a. 1058). However, in 1061, two years after Benedict’s deposition, bishops-elect Giso of Wells and Walter of Hereford went to Rome to be consecrated (Barlow 1992: 54); and according to John of Worcester, they deliberately ‘avoided ordination by Stigand … because they knew he had received the pallium uncanonically’ (McGurk 1998: 17). In 1062, Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester was consecrated by Archbishop Ealdred of York, even though Stigand had participated in the process by which Wulfstan was elected; and according to John of Worcester, this was because Stigand ‘was then forbidden to exercise his episcopal office by the apostolic lord as he had presumed to accept the archbishopric while Archbishop Robert was alive’ (Darlington and McGurk 1995: 591−3; cf. Winterbottom and Thomson 2002: 46). John goes on to say that Wulfstan made a profession of obedience to Stigand − a point which Wulfstan himself later denied in his profession to Archbishop Lanfranc, in which Wulfstan claims to professed obedience to Ealdred (Richter 1973: 26). Otherwise, Stigand is only known to have consecrated abbots before 1066: Æthelsige, abbot of St Augustine’s Canterbury in 1061 (ASC E s.a. 1061); Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds on 15 August 1065 (Bates 1998: no. 39; Liebermann 1879: 245, 256); and Thurstan, abbot of Ely in 1066 (Blake 1962: 168, 201). In this context, it is perhaps also significant that Earl Harold appears not to have allowed Stigand to consecrate his collegiate church at Waltham Holy Cross on 3 May 1060; indeed, the Waltham Chronicle says that the archbishopric of Canterbury was ‘vacant’ at this date (Chibnall 1994: 32).
Stigand is said to have been present at the deathbed of King Edward, where he is said to have roughly dismissed the dying king’s prophetic vision as the rambling of a man, broken with age and disease (Barlow 1992: 118, 122; Mynors et al. 1998: 414). Norman sources claim that Stigand consecrated Harold king the following day, 6 January 1066 (Davis and Chibnall 1998: 100; Chibnall 1969–80: ii. 137; Watkiss and Chibnall 1994: 44; cf. Wilson 1985: plate 31); but Worcester and York sources more reliably record that Archbishop Ealdred of York did so (Darlington and McGurk 1995: 600; Raine 1879−94: ii. 348). It is not known what role Stigand played in the campaigns of 1066. According to William of Poitiers, Stigand briefly joined earls Eadwine and Morcar in support for Edgar Ætheling after the Battle of Hastings, before submitting to William at Wallingford (Davis and Chibnall 1998: 146; Chibnall 1969–80: ii. 182).
The Carmen implies that both Stigand and Ealdred officiated at King William’s coronation (Barlow 1999: 47), but other sources are insistent that William was crowned by Archbishop Ealdred (ASC DE s.a. 1066; Darlington and McGurk 1995: 606; Davis and Chibnall 1998: 150; Chibnall 1969–80: ii, 182−4). Stigand nevertheless remained in office throughout the first three years of William’s reign. According to William of Poitiers, King William ‘did not approve of the pontificate of Stigand, which he knew to be uncanonical, but thought it better to await the pope’s sentence than to depose him too hastily. Other considerations persuaded him to suffer him for the time being and hold him in honour, because of the very great authority he exercised over the English’ (Davis and Chibnall 1998: 161). Other, more reliable evidence confirms that Stigand remained in post for the first three years of William’s reign. King William issued a writ in Old English addressed to Archbishop Stigand early in his reign, probably in late 1066 or early 1067 (Bates 1998: no. 291). Stigand consecrated Remigius bishop of Dorchester in 1067 (Richter 1973: 27). William also took the precaution of taking Stigand to Normandy in the spring of 1067 together with other leading English magnates (ASC D s.a. 1066). According to William of Malmesbury, he was treated with there with great dignity and honour (Winterbottom 2007: 48). William returned to England in late 1067, and the following year, on 11 May 1068, Stigand was present at Westminster Abbey to witness the consecration of Queen Matilda (Bates 1998: no. 181 and cf. no. 286); but it was Ealdred, not Stigand, who consecrated Matilda (ASC D s.a. 1067). Stigand’s subscription also occurs in two diplomas which were issued in 1069 and survive in their original form (Bates 1998: nos. 138 and 254).
Stigand is not known to have played any role in the northern rebellion of 1069, but in common with many other English magnates, his fall from power occurred soon after William’s brutal campaign to suppress it ended in the spring of 1070. Stigand was deposed at a royal council at Winchester on 11 April 1070, held in the presence of papal legates, Bishop Ermenfrid of Sion, and the cardinal priests John and Peter (Whitelock et al. 1981: 565−76). John of Worcester, who supplies the fullest account of the deposition, says that Stigand was deposed for three reasons: ‘that he unlawfully held the bishopric of Winchester together with the archbishopric; that, in the lifetime of Archbishop Robert, he not only seized the archbishopric, but had for some time used, during mass, Robert’s pallium, which the latter had left at Canterbury when he was unjustly driven from England by force; and that afterwards he had received the pallium from Benedict, whom the holy Roman see excommunicated because he had simoniacally invaded the apostolic chair’ (McGurk 1998: 11−13). The same source records that Stigand’s brother Bishop Æthelmær was deposed at the same council. William of Malmesbury implies that Stigand was present at this council and attempted to defend himself (Winterbottom 2007: 48), but the Liber Eliensis says that he fled to Ely ‘with the whole contents of his treasury … until the outcome of his trial was known’ (Blake 1962: 176; trans. Fairweather 2005: 207−8). Stigand was captured and imprisoned for the rest of his life at Winchester, where Queen Edith is said to have visited him, urging him to dress and eat less austerely (Winterbottom 2007: 48). That King William enjoyed papal support for Stigand’s deposition is confirmed by a letter to him from Pope Alexander II, which contains a thinly veiled reference to Stigand as ‘source of evil’ (Patrologia Latina, vol. 146, p. 1413).
Stigand died on 21 or 22 February 1072. The communities of the Old Minster Winchester, St Augustine’s Canterbury and Ely Abbey include Stigand in their necrologies (London, British Library, Cotton Vitellius E. xviii, fol. 2v; Cotton Vitellius C. xii, fol. 120; Cambridge, Trinity College, MS 0.2.1 fols. k1−13, k2v). He was buried in the Old Minster, Winchester (Luard 1864−69: ii. 29).
The fact that Stigand was succeeded by a well-trained canon lawyer did not help his posthumous reputation. Indeed, a powerful case has been made for thinking that the damnatio memoriae of King Harold II, which is a leitmotif of the documentation of the Conqueror’s reign, was worked out by Lanfranc in parallel with that of Stigand, for the legitimacy of both William and Lanfranc turned on proving the illegitimacy of their respective predecessors in office. A series of professions made to Lanfranc refer to the crimes which made Stigand’s archiepiscopate illegitimate with such consistency and precision that it is probable that a text drafted by Lanfranc lies behind them all (Garnett 2007: 33−5). By the time that William of Poitiers wrote his Gesta Guillelmi in the 1070s, it had become an axiom of Norman propaganda that the crimes of Harold and Stigand went hand in hand: Stigand, like Harold, had consented to King Edward’s bequest his kingdom to William but later reneged on that commitment; and Harold, we are told, ‘received an impious consecration from Stigand, who had been deprived of his priestly office by the just zeal and anathema of the pope’ (Davis and Chibnall 1998: 101, 120−1). Domesday Book denies Harold the title of king more consistently than it denies Stigand the title of archbishop, but Lanfranc’s determination to airbrush Stigand from memory is surely evident in the fact that, excluding two apparent slips (GDB 127a (Middlesex 2:1); LDB 372b (Suffolk 15:1)), Stigand is not named in Lanfranc’s fee. Stigand’s reputation continued to deteriorate in the next generation: for example, Eadmer of Canterbury refers to Stigand’s multa mala et horrenda crimina (Rule 1884: 9); Orderic says that Stigand ‘defiled himself with perjury and homicide’ (Chibnall 1969–80: ii. 238); and William of Malmesbury makes him an ignorant, greedy, ambitious prelate who had ‘no thought for the salvation of souls so long as he went on enjoying his lay honours’ (Winterbottom and Thomson 2007: 46−7).
Stigand’s career spans 50 years of a turbulent period of politics during which 7 different kings representing 4 different dynasties reigned in England. Unfortunately, there is insufficient biographical data to do more than speculate as to what accounts for his political longevity. His property dealings suggest that he was an opportunist with an eye for the main chance, and a skilful and determined administrator with a sharp eye for detail (see below). His personal fortune and extensive lordships made him one of the most powerful lords in the kingdom, and this in itself must have made him difficult to dislodge. He presumably enjoyed amicable relations with the house of Godwine, for he held office within earldoms controlled by Godwine and his sons for most of his career: Earl Harold was earl in East Anglia from 1045 to 1052; Earl Godwine was earl of Wessex when Stigand was appointed bishop of Winchester in 1047 and archbishop of Canterbury in 1052; and Earl Harold succeeded his father as earl of Wessex in 1053. It is difficult to imagine that Stigand would have won and retained these promotions without the support of Godwine and Harold. When relations between the king and the house of Godwine reached crisis point in 1051 and 1052, Stigand was careful to mediate between the two parties without being overtly disloyal to the king. The fact that the C-text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is less flattering to Stigand than the E-text is suggestive here, for the former was generally hostile and the latter generally favourable to the house of Godwine (Baxter 2008). However, it would be mistaken to place Stigand too firmly in the Godwineson faction. Here one should recall that Harold apparently refused to allow Stigand to consecrate him king, and that the Vita Edwardi, which produced at Edith’s behest, makes unflattering remarks about Stigand’s behavior at her husband’s deathbed. If an argument from silence be permitted, it is surely significant that there is no evidence to show that Stigand played a leading role in shaping the spiritual well-being of the English church, or the ideological foundations of King’s Edward’s regime: in these respects, Stigand is very different from archbishops Wulfstan and Ealdred of York. However, it remains possible that Stigand made himself useful to successive kings as a talented administrator. The point is registered by James Campbell: ‘Edward the Confessor had quite an administrative machine. Who actually ran it? A reasonable, if unprovable, guess is Stigand’ (Campbell 2000: 225). This is indeed an unprovable guess, but it remains a good one. Stigand served in the king’s household, where royal scribes, treasurers and chancellors are known to have been trained; he is known to have retained copies of documents even where he was not personally involved in the transaction (S 1470); for much of his career he had a base in Winchester, one of the major focal points of royal government and power in late Anglo-Saxon England, and the probable seat of its treasury; he possessed a remarkable number of properties in towns, which were also important focal points for royal government in the eleventh century; and he survived for nearly three years within the Conqueror’s regime at a time when the Normans were acutely anxious to take over the machinery of the late Anglo-Saxon state in working order. Perhaps they thought Stigand was a crucial element in transferring its technologies: that would help explain why William of Poitiers wrote that Stigand inter Anglos auctoritas erat summa (Davis and Chibnall 1998: 160).
Stigand’s feudum
Stigand’s holding is sometimes referred to as feudum Stigandi in Domesday Book (LDB 116v (Norfolk 1:61), 175 (Norfolk 9:28)). In order to establish its scale and distribution, it is important to register two methodological points. First, it is necessary where possible to distinguish the estates which Stigand held as the archbishop of Canterbury and bishop of Winchester from those he held in other capacities. Succession patterns offer the best guide here: in what follows, it is assumed that, unless otherwise stated in Domesday Book, the estates held by Archbishop Lanfranc in 1086 were held by Stigand as archbishop of Canterbury TRE; that the estates held by Bishop Walkelin of Winchester in 1086 were held by Stigand as bishop of Winchester TRE; and that the estates held by Stigand and which passed to different lords were held in other capacities TRE. Second, it is necessary where possible to distinguish between Stigand’s own estates from those held by persons connected to him through lordship. Stigand would have enjoyed the income from the former but not usually from the latter. For that reason, Stigand is treated as the lord, not the direct holder or financial beneficiary, of the estates assigned for the monks and communities of Christ Church, Canterbury and the Old Minster, Winchester. Domesday Book usually distinguishes between the estates held by the archbishop of Canterbury, the bishop of Winchester and those held by their respective communities in 1086, but it is less consistent in making such distinction for the situation in 1066. It is therefore further assumed that, unless otherwise stated in Domesday Book, the estates attributed to these communities in 1086 were also held by them TRE. This is, admittedly, a large assumption, for the distinction between the estates held by the cathedral communities became more sharply drawn in the late eleventh century, and it is far from clear how far this process had progressed at Cantebury and Winchester by 1066; however, the view taken here is that it would be more misleading not to attempt to differentiate between Stigand’s demesne estates and those which provided for the monastic communities he led.
The map and table below illustrate the scale and distribution of Stigand’s property and lordship with these distinctions in mind.
Figure 1. Map of the Estates and Lordships Attributed to Stigand in Domesday Book
Table 1. The Estates and Lordships Attributed to Stigand in each shire in Domesday Book
Shire |
Canterbury |
Winchester |
Other |
Total |
Bedfordshire |
0.0 |
0.0 |
22.0 |
22.0 |
Berkshire |
0.0 |
32.0 |
0.0 |
32.0 |
Buckinghamshire |
0.0 |
15.0 |
0.0 |
15.0 |
Cambridgeshire |
0.0 |
31.0 |
19.7 |
50.7 |
Dorset |
0.0 |
0.0 |
66.0 |
66.0 |
Gloucestershire |
0.0 |
0.0 |
75.5 |
75.5 |
Hampshire |
0.0 |
264.5 |
63.8 |
328.2 |
Hertfordshire |
0.0 |
0.0 |
58.0 |
58.0 |
Kent |
563.6 |
0.0 |
44.5 |
608.1 |
Middlesex |
40.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
40.0 |
Norfolk |
0.0 |
0.0 |
245.5 |
245.5 |
Oxfordshire |
11.0 |
34.0 |
16.4 |
61.4 |
Somerset |
0.0 |
102.0 |
0.0 |
102.0 |
Suffolk |
15.0 |
0.0 |
72.0 |
87.0 |
Surrey |
44.0 |
61.0 |
0.0 |
105.0 |
Sussex |
92.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
92.4 |
Wiltshire |
0.0 |
70.0 |
0.0 |
70.0 |
Total |
766.1 |
609.5 |
683.3 |
2058.8 |
There are shortcomings with this approach. The representation of Stigand’s estates and lordships in Domesday Book complicates the process of identification. As we have seen, Stigand is rarely specifically named as Lanfranc’s antecessor in Domesday Book; and he is named more often, but still inconsistently, as Walkelin’s antecessor. This means that Stigand is not actually named in connection with a significant proportion of the demesne estates attributed to him in the analysis: much of his wealth is assumed rather than demonstrable. The way Stigand is described in Domesday Book further complicates the process of identification. Where Stigand is named in Domesday Book, he is sometimes styled ‘archbishop’, sometimes as ‘bishop’, and sometimes simply as ‘Stigand’; but there is no clear correspondence between the way Stigand is styled and the identity of his successors: he is styled ‘archbishop’ in some entries relating to estates which passed to Walkelin, and he is styled ‘bishop’ and ‘archbishop’ in several entries which did not pass to either Walkelin or Lanfranc. Further, the internal organization of the endowments of Canterbury and Winchester is likely have changed between 1066 and 1086, not least because monastic communities are known to have grown rapidly during this period; and if so, the TRW data is at best an approximate guide to the division of property between bishops and monks TRE. In addition, many of Stigand’s demesne estates were large, complex manors, often with leaseholdings or subtenancies embedded within them, and the fiscal assessment and value of these tenancies are often difficult to disaggregate from the whole. The present analysis attempts to account for each tenancy separately, often by using a tenancy’s share of a manor’s total fiscal assessment as a guide to its share of that manor’s value. For these reasons, Domesday Book makes it possible to produce an estimate, but not a precise account, of the value of Stigand’s holdings TRE.
Two other scholars have published analyses of Stigand’s holdings in Domesday Book, and their findings are compared with the present analysis in the table below.
Table 2. Estimates of the Estates and Lordships Attributed to Stigand in Domesday Book
£s |
Smith 1994 |
Giandrea (née Smith) 2007 |
Mitton 2009 |
Baxter 2016 |
Stigand’s ‘personal’ holding |
||||
Estates |
755 |
755 |
710 |
683 |
Lordships |
- |
- |
1,913 |
433 |
Subtotal |
- |
- |
710 |
1,116 |
Canterbury |
||||
Estates |
- |
- |
778 |
766 |
Lordships |
- |
- |
463 |
543 |
Subtotal |
1,145 |
1,333 |
1,241 |
1,309 |
Winchester |
||||
Estates |
- |
- |
732 |
610 |
Lordships |
- |
- |
684 |
684 |
Subtotal |
1,040 |
1,177 |
1,416 |
1,294 |
Total |
||||
Estates |
- |
- |
2,220 |
2,057 |
Lordships |
- |
- |
3,060 |
1,660 |
Total |
2,940 |
3,265 |
5,280 |
3,717 |
The table reveals significant differences in approach. Giandrea does not attempt to quantify the value of the estates set aside for the monks of Canterbury and Winchester, or the value of the estates held by the remainder of Stigand’s lordships. Mitton does so, but produces an inexplicably high figure for the value of Stigand’s ‘personal’ lordships (Mitton 2009: 184). Nevertheless, the two most recent estimates agree that Stigand’s demesne estates generated an annual value of just over £2,000. Given that these calculations are necessarily bases on a number of judgments and interpretations, these figures are relatively close, so this figure may taken to be a consensus view.
Stigand also held or controlled a significant amount of property in towns, as the table below illustrates.
Table 4. Stigand’s presence in Domesday towns
Shire |
Phil. Ref |
Town |
TRW lord |
Properties |
Details |
Berkshire |
B,3 |
Wallingford |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
6 |
6 dwellings at 26d |
Kent |
2,24 |
Canterbury |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
7 |
7 burgesses in Canterbury who pay 8s 4d |
Kent |
2,16 |
Canterbury |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
52 |
52 messuages in the city |
Kent |
2,1 |
Canterbury |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
32 |
2 burgesses and 32 messuages which pay 35s |
Kent |
C,1 |
Canterbury |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
7 |
7 houses in the city ditch |
Kent |
3,9 |
Canterbury |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
97 |
97 burgesses who pay £8 4s |
Kent |
2,26 |
Hythe |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
6 |
6 burgesses |
Kent |
2,25 |
Romney |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
85 |
85 burgesses |
Kent |
2,1 |
Sandwich |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
307 |
307 habitable messuages |
Norfolk |
1,61 |
Norwich |
King William |
50 |
50 burgesses with sake and soke and commendation |
Norfolk |
1,61 |
Norwich |
King William |
1 |
Church of St Martins with 12 acres |
Norfolk |
1,61 |
Norwich |
Bishop of Thetford |
1 |
Church of St Michael with 112 acres |
Norfolk |
1,69 |
Thetford |
King William |
5 |
5 churches, 5 burgesses, 2 empty dwellings |
Oxfordshire |
B,8 |
Oxford |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
7 |
7 messuages which pay 38d |
Oxfordshire |
B,8 |
Oxford |
Bishop of Winchester |
9 |
9 messuages which pay 62d |
Suffolk |
1,116 |
Ipswich |
King William |
2 |
2 burgesses |
Surrey |
1,1b |
Guildford |
Ranulph the clerk |
3 |
3 closes in which 6 men dwell |
Surrey |
2,3 |
London |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
17 |
17 messuages which paid 52d |
Surrey |
2,3 |
Southwark |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
4 |
4 messuages at 27d |
Sussex |
2,6 |
Chichester |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
4 |
4 messuages which pay 22d |
Sussex |
2,3 |
Lewes |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
7 |
7 messuages which pay 21d a year |
Sussex |
2,4 |
Lewes |
Archbishop Lanfranc |
21 |
21 messuages which pay 8s 8d a year |
Total |
730730 |
This is not an exhaustive list, for Domesday Book does not record urban properties systematically and does not supply detailed accounts of London or Winchester. The scale of Stigand’s holding in Winchester can however be estimated from a survey of the city made in 1148, which reveals that the bishop of Winchester then controlled 364 tenements – about one third of the city − generating an income of £69 7s (Biddle 1976: 369).
It is plain that Stigand extraordinarily wealthy. The total value of his demesne estates (£2,069) made him the third wealthiest man in England TRE, behind only King Edward and Earl Harold; and the total value of his other, ‘personal’ holdings (£706), was greater than all but a handful of lords − only Edward, Harold, Queen Edith and earls Ælfgar, Godwine, Eadwine, Tostig and Morcar are attributed estates worth more than £700 in Domesday Book.
The origins of Stigand’s property portfolio
The means by which Stigand accumulated this remarkable portfolio are obscure. He presumably acquired property through inheritance, royal patronage, lordship, religious patronage, judicial processes and political pressure, sometimes by fair means, sometimes by foul. A few glimpses of his modus operandi can be found. Some point towards inheritance. The entry for Norwich in the Norfolk Domesday strongly suggests that Stigand’s family had a landed base there: it records Stigand’s sister held 32 acres there; that Bishop Æthelmær held the church of St Simon and St Jude ‘not of his bishopric but of his patrimony’; and that Stigand himself held the church of St Michael to which were attached 112 acres of land, all of which were held by Bishop William in 1086 although it was ‘not of his bishopric’ (LDB 116a−b (Norfolk 1:61)). As we have seen, the will of Leofgifu records that Leofgifu bequeathed an estate at Willesham in Suffolk to Stigand.
Lordship also created opportunities for acquiring property. S 1519 records that a certain Ketel bequeathed an estate at Harling in Norfolk to Archbishop Stigand, whom he described as mine louerd; and Little Domesday Book records that presumably the same Ketel held land at Harling in 1066, though as it happens, this entry does not identify Ketel’s lord (LDB 223a (Norfolk 19:15)). The same document records that Ketel granted to Earl Harold half an estate at Moran (unidentified), asserting that he had never lost or forfeited it in a lawsuit although his ‘enemies wrongfully occupy it’; and it goes on to record Ketel’s bequest of another estate at Frating to Harold ‘according to the agreement which you yourself [Harold] and Archbishop Stigand my lord made’. This is cryptic evidence, but a plausible reading is that Ketel bequeathed land to Earl Harold and Archbishop Stigand in return for their support in a property dispute.
There are no extant royal diplomas granting property to Stigand, perhaps in part because such diplomas would have been worse than useless after 1066. However, an entry in the Kent Domesday specifically records that King Edward granted Stigand an estate in that shire from the royal demesne: it records that Archbishop Stigand held a large estate at Barham in Kent (worth £40) TRE, and that ‘it did not belong to the archbishopric but belonged to the demesne farm of King Edward’ (non erat de archiepiscopatu sed fuit de dominica firma regis) (GDB 9d (Kent 5,138)). It is probable that Stigand acquired other estates by similar means at different stages in his career. This perhaps explains how he obtained certain large estates far away from East Anglia. His estate at Sturminster in Dorset is a probable case in point. Sturminster was a large estate which was assessed at 30 hides and worth £66 TRE. The fact that it passed without apparent dispute to Roger de Beaumont suggests that it did not form part of the endowment of Canterbury or Winchester; and fact that it was once of the estates granted by King Alfred to his youngest son, Æthelweard, proves that it had once formed part of the royal demesne (GDB 80b (Dorset 28:2); S 1507).
The best documented element in Stigand property portfolio is that portion of it which formed, or was claimed to have formed, part of the endowments of other religious houses.
(i) Ely
A passage in the Liber Eliensis (written in the early twelfth century drawing on earlier material) makes general and specific accusations against Stigand’s handling of church property:
After the passing away of Abbot Wulfric, it was actually the archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, who took for himself the position of abbot of Ely, and a great number of other abbacies and bishoprics too, and by courtesy of both of his masters, namely King Edward and King Harold, he kept them, bereft of pastors of their own, under his own control as long as he liked, and assigned them to persons of his own choosing. For he had taken under his own control the abbacies of Winchester, Glastonbury, St Albans and St Augustine’s and Ely – before Abbot Thurstan – and he was holding on to them as if they were his own (velud proprias). It was also at the archbishop’s prompting that Harold, who was at that time wielding the scepter of the realm, caused Thurstan himself to be consecrated by this same Stigand. And indeed, though an abbot had been appointed to Ely, Stigand was taking charge of the litigation of the church. Moreover, he kept his hold over some of its best properties, as the Book of Lands reports in detail, to the very great cost of this place (Blake 1962: 168; trans. Fairweather 2005: 200).
William of Malmesbury similarly claims that Stigand trafficked openly in bishoprics and abbacies (Winterbottom and Thomson 2007: 46). Both are late sources, written long after Stigand’s posthumous reputation had sunk to an irredeemably low level. However, the St Albans evidence (below) suggests that there may be some foundation to the claim that Stigand assumed control of religious houses during vacancies. It is admittedly improbable that Stigand assumed control of Ely’s endowment for long if at all, since Abbot Wulfric appears to have died on 19 August 1066, and if Abbot Thurstan was installed by Harold he must have done so before 14 October 1066 (Knowles et al. 1972: 45). There is, nevertheless, good evidence that Stigand did indeed acquire Ely property. An Ely text, datable 1071 x 1075, lists numerous estates said to have been unjustly taken from the abbey, and contains the following assertion: ‘These were the vills of the abbey of Ely which Archbishop Stigand used to hold … and which after his death King William held: Methwold, Croxton, Snailwell and Woodditton’ (Bates 1998: no. 117, p. 412). The corresponding entries in Domesday Book reveal that Ely continued to claim some of these estates in 1086. The entry for Snailwell records that ‘this manor pertained to the demesne of the Church of Ely as demesne farm TRE, but the abbot of that time leased it to the archbishop, as the hundred bears witness; now Abbot Simeon reclaims it by right of his predecessors.’ The estate was held by Hugh de Port from the fee of Bishop Odo of Bayeux in 1086 (GDB 199b−c (Cambridgeshire 28:2)). The entry for Woodditton records that King William held this estate in 1086, that it ‘belonged to the Church of St Æthelthryth of Ely TRE’, and that ‘Archbishop Stigand took it away, [though] the men of the hundred do not know how’ (GDB 189d (Cambridgeshire 1:11)). The entries for Methwold and Croxton simply record that these two estates were held by King William in 1086 without registering Ely’s claim to them (LDB 136a−b (Norfolk 1:210−211)). These were valuable estates worth £60 in total TRE. This evidence need to be placed alongside an entry in the Hampshire Domesday, which records that the abbot of Ely held Chingescamp (unidentified) from Archbishop Stigand (GDB 40c (Hampshire 2:16)), for this suggests that there may have been some element of reciprocity in Stigand’s dealings with the abbots of Ely (Mitton 2009: 178). However, Chingescamp was only worth 15 shillings TRE, so even if that were the case, there can be little doubt that Stigand had the better of the bargain.
(ii) Bury St Edmunds
There are several known tenurial connections between Stigand’s family and the abbey of Bury St Edmunds. In the first place, the Bury archive preserves documents which purport to record post-obitum bequests of land to Bury by both Stigand and his brother Æthelmær, though no such grant appears to have taken effect. Thus, Stigand granted the reversion of Playford to Bury following the death of Ælfgar the priest, but Playford was held by Godwine son of Ælfhere sub Queen Eadgyth in 1066 (S 1224; LDB 314b (Suffolk 6:112)). Similarly, Æthelmær bequeathed four estates to Bury, having received two of them from the abbey before he became bishop, but none of them passed to the abbey (S 1499; Cambridge, University Library, MS FF 2. 33 fol. 49). Two further East Anglian wills record bequests of estates to Bury which appear not to have taken effect, not improbably because Stigand prevented them from doing so. Thus, Bishop Ælfric of Elmham, whom Stigand succeeded in office in 1043, bequeathed one estate at Hunstanton to Bury St Edmunds, and another at Grimston to Leofstan the dean of Bury, but Stigand held both estates TRE (S 1489; LDB 135b, 142a (Norfolk 1:209, 2:2)). Similarly, Leofgifu bequeathed Hintlesham to Bury but Stigand held it TRE (S 1521; LDB 289a (Suffolk 1:118)). In addition, Stigand held a large estate at Mildenhall in Suffolk which King Edward supposedly granted to Bury. S 1069 is a writ of King Edward which declares that the land at Mildenhall and the sokes of the eight and a half Thingoe hundreds are to belong to St Edmunds as fully and completely as his mother Queen Emma possessed them. The corresponding entry in Domesday Book makes a similar claim, recording that ‘King Edward gave Mildenhall to St Edmund and afterwards Stigand held it under St Edmund as a manor in the lifetime of King Edward’ (LDB 288b (Suffolk 1:115)). A Bury text claims that Stigand begged the community of Bury to lease Mildenhall to them, a request they dared not refuse propter potentiam quam tunc habuit in tota Anglia (Dugdale 1846, iii. 154−5). This suggests that Emma lost Mildenhall as a result of her disgrace in 1043, and that her loss eventually became Stigand’s gain. The evidence is insufficient to construct a reliable narrative, but a one possible interpretation is that Stigand and Æthelmær sought amicable relations with East Anglia’s most powerful abbey during the early stages of their careers; but once they became installed in power they reneged on earlier commitments and exploited Bury’s endowment. If so, the rivalry between Bury and East Anglian bishops which surfaced in the Conqueror’s reign (Gransden 1982) had pre-Conquest origins.
(iii) St Albans
As we have seen, the Liber Eliensis claims that St Albans was among the abbacies which Stigand assumed control of during vacancies. Although a late source, this assertion receives support from an apparently authentic writ-charter of King William I, which granted the abbey sake and soke and all customs over all the places tam bene et tam honeste sicuti Stigandus habuit illo die quo rex Ædwardus mortuus est (Bates 1998: no. 249, p. 756). As Julia Crick has observed, ‘it is difficult to construe this reference to Stigand as other than suggesting that he commanded special control of the monastery in 1066’ (Crick 2007: 29). In addition, Domesday Book reveals that Stigand and two of his men leased estates in Hertfordshire from St Albans: Redbourn ‘belonged and belongs to the Church of St Alban; Archbishop Stigand held it on the day of King Edward's death, but he could not alienate it from the church’ (GDB 135d (Hertfordshire 10:10)); and Ælfric and Godric, both Stigand’s men, held estates at Shephall and Napley respectively from abbey without power of alienation (GDB 133b (Hertfordshire 2:3); 135d (Hertfordshire 10:11)). The evidence thus combines to suggest that Stigand exploited whatever influence he exercised over St Albans to secure loans of property both for himself and for his men.
(iv) Abingdon
According to the Abingdon Historia, Stigand persuaded Abbot Spearhafoc to loan him the estate of South Cerney in Gloucestershire, promising to give his own vill at Aston near Lewknor to Abingdon in perpetuity when he restored Cerney to the abbey, but Stigand subsequently failed to honour this agreement (Hudson 2002−7: vol. i, 196). The same text goes on to say that Spearhafoc was promoted to become bishop London in the year this agreement was made, and by doing so implies a charge of simony against Stigand. The Domesday entry for South Cerney confirms that Abingdon disputed Stigand’s tenure: ‘This manor is claimed for the church of St Mary of Abingdon, but the whole shire bore witness that Archbishop Stigand had held it for 10 years while King Edward was alive. Earl William gave this manor to Roger the sheriff, the father of Walter’ (GDB 169a (Gloucestershire 56:2)). Spearhafoc was appointed to, and expelled from, the bishopric of London in 1051 (ASC C s.a. 1050, D s.a. 1051), 16 years before Edward’s death, so it is difficult to reconcile the chronology of these two sources.
(v) Bath
A document preserved in the Bath archive, which is written in Old English and datable 1061 x 1065, records that Abbot Ælfwig of Bath gave Stigand a life lease of Tidenham in Gloucestershire in return for an annual render of one mark of gold, 6 porpoises and thirty thousand herrings (S 1426). The corresponding entry in Domesday Book records that Tidenham was a large estate, assessed at 30 hides and worth £25; that the abbot of Bath ‘had (habuit)’ it; that it did not render dues except for the monks’ supplies; that Archbishop Stigand was holding it when Earl William received it; and that King William held it in 1086 (GDB 164a (Gloucestershire 1:56)). This complex formulation suggests that the abbey of Bath registered its claim to the estate during the Domesday survey.
(v) Other religious houses
The ‘autobiography’ of Bishop Giso of Wells (1061−1088) claims that his predecessor Bishop Dudoc (1033−1060) bequeathed to St Andrew’s Wells certain properties including the church of St Oswald’s, Gloucester, but that this bequest was later frustrated by Archbishop Stigand who persuaded King Edward to grant it to him instead (Hunter 1840: 15−6, 18; Keynes 1997: 264−5, 266−7; Barlow 1963: 75 n. 5). Domesday Book records that Stigand held 3 hides at Swindon, which are described as ‘the land of St Oswald’s, Gloucester’ though held by Archbishop Thomas in 1086 (GDB 164c (Gloucestershire 2:5)). In addition, Domesday Book records that Stigand held 1 sulung at Deal in Kent which was held by the canons of St Martin of Dover in 1086 (GDB 1d (Kent M:14); that he held 1 carucate at Taverham, Norfolk, ‘under’ the church of St Michael of Norwich (LDB 201b (Norfolk 10a:1)); and that he held 1.5 hides at Yavington in Hampshire, which ‘was and is’ of the nunnery of St Mary’s, Winchester, and was for the nuns’ supplies in 1086 (GDB 43d (Hampshire 14:6)). It is conceivable that some of these estates formed part of Stigand’s patrimonial or personal holding, and that he granted them to the religious houses in question in the form of post-obitum gifts; but in view of the foregoing, it seems more likely that Stigand gained and retained them against the wishes of the communities in question.
(vi) Elmham, Winchester and Canterbury
By contrast with the relatively abundant evidence that Stigand exploited the estates of other religious houses for his own gain, there is remarkably little evidence that he protected or augmented the endowments of those where he held office. An entry in the Norfolk Domesday records that he acquired one estate for Elmham in dubious circumstances: ‘Hemsby was held by Earl Ælfgar TRE and Alwig bought it. Stigand took it from him and gave it to his brother, Æthelmær, but the Hundred does not know by what right. Thenceforth it was in the bishopric’ (LDB 195a (Norfolk 10:30)). On the other hand, Little Domesday also records that Stigand held a large manor at Mileham, which was assessed at 10 carucates and worth £30 TRE and £60 TRW, and which lay less than four miles away from Elmham. The point cannot be proven, but the suspicion remains that Stigand despoiled it from Elmham (Smith 1994: 209). There are no known gifts in favour of either the Old Minster, Winchester, datable to Stigand’s period in office, but alienations are known. As we have seen, the Old Minster archive preserves three documents recording leases of Winchester property agreed by Stigand. In addition, Domesday Book records that ‘Abbot Alsi’ held Banbury in Hampshire ‘from Stigand from the monks, and it was for their supplies’: the abbot in question was presumably Æthelsige, the abbot of St Augustine’s whom Stigand consecrated in 1061 (GDB 41d (Hampshire 3:15)). There is also a cryptic Domesday entry which suggests that Stigand expropriated a large estate at East Meon in Hampshire, which assessed at 72 hides and worth £60 TRE: ‘Archbishop Stigand held it TRE, for the use of the monks, and had it afterwards as long as he lived’. The fact that King William held the estate in 1086 suggests that it was treated as one of Stigand’s personal holdings at that date (GDB 38b (Hampshire 1:16)). The Canterbury evidence points in a similar direction. Apart from a royal writ confirming Stigand’s elevation, there are no recorded grants in favour of Stigand or Christ Church from Edward the Confessor; and although two documents record grants to Christ Church dating to Stigand’s archiepiscopate, there is no indication that Stigand played any role in obtaining them (S 1088, 1090, 1234; Brooks 1984: 307−8). In addition, to judge from the Domesday Monachorum and reports on the pleas held at Penenden Heath, Stigand made no attempt to recover certain estates which had been alienated by Archbishop Eadsige to Earl Godwine (Fleming 1991: 81 n. 111).
All this must be set alongside evidence that Stigand made lavish gifts in the form of precious objects to certain religious houses. Thus, Stigand is said to have given several precious objects to Ely, including a great cross covered in silver bearing a life-sized image of Christ (Blake 1962: 168). He was also remembered at St Augustine’s, Canterbury, for the gift of a large cross, covered with silver, erected in the nave of the church above the screen (Davis 1934: 47); at Bury for the gift of a great crucifix together with images of the virgin Mary and John the Baptist decorated in gold and silver (Greenway and Sayers 1989: 6); and at Winchester for the gift of another crucifixion group beautifully adorned with gold and silver, paid for from gifts of Queen Emma (Luard 1864−69: ii. 25, 29−30). In addition, the Vita Willibrordi, a late twelfth-century life written at Echternach, records that Stigand visited there leaving lavish gifts of ‘gold and silver metals and precious stones’ (Poncelet 1916: cap 29). This is all late evidence, but its consistency is cumulatively persuasive: it looks very much as if Stigand made a habit of making ostentatious gifts of precious objects, especially richly decorated crucifixion groups, to the religious houses he favoured.
There is, finally, evidence that Stigand continued to accumulate property between 1066 and his death in 1072. Thus we learn that free man held 1 carucate at Seething sub Stigand, and that ‘after King William came into England Stigand himself annexed this’ (LDB 140a (Norfolk 1:230)); that a free man of Stigand named Beorhthere held 20 acres at Occold TRE which Stigand gave to Robert Malet's mother who later held it from the queen’ (LDB 450a (Suffolk 77:1)); that Earl Harold held a fishery at Mortlake TRE, and that ‘Archbishop Stigand had it a long while TRW’ (GDB 30d (Surrey 2:3)); and that Stigand held East Meon in Hampshire − an estate formerly earmarked for the supplies of the monks of the Old Minster − ‘for a long as he lived’ (GDB 38b (Hampshire 1:16)).
Even once full allowance is made for Stigand’s posthumous reputation, it is apparent that he was extraordinarily adept at accumulating property for himself, and much less so at attending to the endowments of the religious houses under his command. As a result, Stigand’s deposition and death gave King William a substantial windfall of property to dispose of. The table below identifies the beneficiaries of this process.
Table 5. Stigands’ successors: people who in 1086 held property held by Archbishop Stigand TRE
Successor |
£ 1066 |
£ 1086 |
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury |
766.1 |
1250.3 |
Walkelin, bishop of Winchester |
609.5 |
902.5 |
Subtotal |
1375.5 |
2152.8 |
William, king |
322.6 |
525.8 |
Odo, bishop of Bayeux |
112.0 |
168.0 |
Roger de Beaumont |
66.0 |
55.0 |
Thomas, archbishop of York |
33.0 |
31.5 |
Ralph de Limésy |
20.0 |
16.0 |
Walter fitzRoger |
16.0 |
12.0 |
Hugh, earl |
16.0 |
30.0 |
Paul, abbot of St Albans |
16.0 |
30.0 |
Ralph de L’Isle |
16.0 |
29.7 |
unnamed wife of Richard fitzGilbert |
15.5 |
15.0 |
Gilbert, abbot of Caen Saint-Étienne |
9.0 |
10.0 |
Adelize de Grandmesnil |
6.4 |
3.6 |
Richard Puignant |
6.0 |
8.0 |
Ralph the crossbowman |
5.0 |
5.3 |
Eustace, count |
4.7 |
3.3 |
Godwine Haldein |
4.6 |
4.6 |
Unnamed canons of Dover in 1086 |
4.5 |
5.1 |
Ralph de Beaufour |
4.2 |
5.2 |
Roger Bigod |
2.0 |
2.5 |
Alice, abbess of Winchester |
1.3 |
1.3 |
Roger de Lacy |
1.0 |
1.0 |
unnamed clerks of Norwich St Michael |
1.0 |
1.0 |
William d’Eu |
0.5 |
0.5 |
Robert, bishop of Chester |
0.2 |
0.2 |
Robert, count of Mortain |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Subtotal |
683.3 |
964.6 |
Total |
2,058.8 |
3,117.4 |
Stigand’s lordships
The map below and tables which follow illustrate the scale and distribution of the estates held by those who were connected to Stigand through lordship.
Figure 2. Map of Stigand’s lordships
Table 6. Stigand’s lordships
Canterbury |
Winchester |
Other |
Total |
|||||
Shire |
F |
£p |
F |
£p |
f |
£p |
f |
£p |
Bedfordshire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
Berkshire |
0 |
0 |
20 |
16 |
2 |
2 |
22 |
18 |
Buckinghamshire |
30 |
16 |
19 |
12 |
20 |
16 |
69 |
44 |
Cambridgeshire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
14 |
28 |
14 |
29 |
Dorset |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Essex |
32 |
63 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
32 |
63 |
Gloucestershire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Hampshire |
0 |
0 |
452 |
489 |
9 |
13 |
461 |
502 |
Hertfordshire |
2 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
70 |
138 |
72 |
142 |
Kent |
126 |
358 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
11 |
127 |
369 |
Middlesex |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
Norfolk |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
216 |
153 |
216 |
153 |
Northamptonshire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
Oxfordshire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
6 |
3 |
6 |
Somerset |
0 |
0 |
9 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
8 |
Suffolk |
10 |
29 |
0 |
0 |
37 |
53 |
47 |
82 |
Surrey |
59 |
22 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
59 |
22 |
Sussex |
50 |
36 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
52 |
37 |
Wiltshire |
0 |
0 |
188 |
155 |
0 |
0 |
188 |
155 |
Total |
308 |
528 |
688 |
680 |
379 |
425 |
1,376 |
1,633 |
Of which assigned for the supplies of the monks of Canterbury and Winchester:
Canterbury |
Winchester |
Other |
Total |
|||||
Shire |
F |
£p |
f |
£p |
f |
£p |
f |
£p |
Bedfordshire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Berkshire |
0 |
0 |
20 |
16 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
16 |
Buckinghamshire |
0 |
0 |
19 |
12 |
0 |
0 |
19 |
12 |
Cambridgeshire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Dorset |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Essex |
32 |
63 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
32 |
63 |
Gloucestershire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Hampshire |
0 |
0 |
305 |
321 |
0 |
0 |
305 |
321 |
Hertfordshire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Kent |
114 |
313 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
114 |
313 |
Middlesex |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Norfolk |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Northamptonshire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Oxfordshire |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Somerset |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Suffolk |
7 |
27 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
27 |
Surrey |
59 |
22 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
59 |
22 |
Sussex |
40 |
30 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
40 |
30 |
Wiltshire |
0 |
0 |
129 |
114 |
0 |
0 |
129 |
114 |
Total |
252 |
455 |
473 |
463 |
0 |
0 |
725 |
918 |
It should be stressed that the map and tables necessarily understate the full extent of Stigand’s lordship, since Domesday Book’s record of pre-Conquest lordship is inconsistent. Only two Domesday circuits consistently record, and attempt to distinguish between, commendatory lordship, dependent land tenure and soke: circuit 3, which covered Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire and Middlesex; and circuit 7, which covered Essex, Norfolk and Suffolk (and in this circuit, pre-Conquest lordships are recorded much less frequently in Essex). The record of pre-Conquest lordship in the other three circuits where Stigand held land was patchy. Circuit 4, which covered Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, Oxfordshire, Staffordshire, and Warwickshire often fails to identify the identity of pre-Conquest landholders, and only rarely records pre-Conquests lordships of any kind (Baxter 2007: 204−69). Circuits 1 (Berkshire, Hampshire, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex) and 2 (Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Wiltshire) occasionally record pre-Conquest lordships, but the formulae they use rarely make it possible clearly to differentiate between commendatory lordship and dependent land tenure.
The map and tables seek to distinguish between Stigand’s position as lord over the estates set aside for the communities of Canterbury and Winchester, and his position as lord elsewhere. Succession patterns again inform this analysis: lordships recorded in the fee of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, fall into the first category; those recorded in the fee of Walkelin bishop of Winchester fall into the second; and all others fall into the third. The tables also seek to differentiate the estates held from Stigand by the communities of Canterbury and Winchester from those held from him by other tenants. They reveal that the total value of the endowment of Christ Church, Canterbury was £1,309 TRE. Of this, £781 (60%) was held in demesne by Stigand, £455 (35%) was assigned for the monks’ supplies, and £73 (5%) was held from him by other tenants. The total value of the endowment of the Old Minster, Winchester is estimated at £1,262 TRE. Of this, £581 (46%) was held in demesne by Stigand, £463 (37%) was assigned for the monks’ supplies, and £217 (17%) was held from him by other tenants.
Stigand is also named as the lord of a large number of landholders whose estates did not pass to either Lanfranc or Walkelin, and who may therefore be regarded as forming part of Stigand’s ‘personal’ network of lordship. Unfortunately, Domesday Book conceals the identity of the majority of these people: Stigand is said to have exercised lordship of one kind or another over 18 anonymous thegns, 383 anonymous free men, 3 anonymous free women, and 787 anonymous sokemen (an unknown but presumably small number of these may have been the same people). Stigand was also named as the lord in a further 174 entries relating to property attributed to 90 different names. Only small minority of these (10 people, holding property worth £26 in total) are said to have lacked power to alienate their land − a formulation which suggests they held their land from Stigand in some form dependent tenure.
Some of the entries which relate to Stigand’s lordships serve to bring out the complexity of pre-Conquest lordship arrangements generally. A small number of the men commended to Stigand are said to have owed soke to other lords such as King Edward, and Earl Gyrth (for example LDB 188b (Norfolk 9:198)). Conversely, Stigand is said to have exercised soke rights over a few men commended to other lords: for instance, one free man who held 12 acres at Harleston in Norfolk was commended to the abbot of Bury St Edmund’s but his soke lay in Stigand’s manor of Earsham (LDB 210b (Norfolk 14:21)). Some of Stigand’s commended men are also said to have held land from other lords. Two of Stigand’s men held land from St Albans which they could not alienate (GDB 133b (Hertfordshire 2:3); 135d (Hertfordshire 10:11)); and some of Stigand’s men appear to have held land from his brother, Bishop Æthelmær (for example LDB 379b (Suffolk 19:1)). It occasionally emerges that members of the same family were commended to different lords. At Charlton in Middlesex there were five hides: ‘Two brothers held this manor. One was the man of Archbishop Stigand, the other the man of Earl Leofwine. They could sell it to whom they would, but the soke belonged to Staines’. Staines was held by the abbot of St Peter’s, Westminster TRE (GDB 128b, 130c (Middlesex 4,5; 18:1)). In an extreme case we encounter a married couple associated with three different lords: ‘Blæcmann was Eadric's man; he had commendation over him and the king had the soke; but that man's wife was Bishop Stigand's man and he had commendation over the woman’ (LDB 313a (Norfolk 6:93)).
Bibliography
ASC: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Revised Translation, ed. D. Whitelock, D. C. Douglas and S. I. Tucker (London, 1961)
Baker 2000: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a Collaborative Edition, Volume 8: MS. F, a Semi-Diplomatic Edition with Indices and Notes, ed. P. S. Baker (Cambridge, 2000)
Barlow 1963: F. Barlow, The English Church 1000–1066: A Constitutional History (London, 1963), pp. 76−81, 305−7
Barlow 1992: Vita Ædwardi Regis qui apud Westmonasterium requiescit, ed. and trans. F. Barlow, The Life of King Edward Who Rests at Westminster, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1992)
Barlow 1999: The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy Bishop of Amiens, ed. and trans. F. Barlow (Oxford, 1999)
Bates 1998: Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum: The Acta of William I (1066–1087), ed. D. Bates (Oxford, 1998)
Baxter 2007: S. Baxter, The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Late Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford, 2007)
Baxter 2008: S. Baxter, ‘MS C of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Politics of Mid-Eleventh-Century England’, English Historical Review 122 (2008), 1189−1227
Brooks 1984: N. P. Brooks, The Early History of the Church of Canterbury (Leicester, 1984), pp. 305−10
Campbell 2000: J. Campbell, ‘Some Agents and Agencies of the Late Anglo-Saxon State’, in Domesday Studies, ed. J. C. Holt (Woodbridge, 1986), pp. 201–218; repr. in his The Anglo-Saxon State (London, 2000), pp. 201–27
Biddle 1976: Winchester in the Early Middle Ages: An Edition and Discussion of the Winton Domesday, ed. M. Biddle, Winchester Studies 1 (Oxford, 1976)
Blake 1962: Liber Eliensis, ed. E. O. Blake, Camden 3rd series 92 (London, 1962)*
Chibnall 1969–80: The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. M. Chibnall, 6 vols (Oxford, 1969–80)
Crick 2007: Charters of St Albans, ed. J. Crick, Anglo-Saxon Charters XII (Oxford, 2007)
Darlington and McGurk 1995: The Chronicle of John of Worcester: Volume II, ed. R. R. Darlington and P. McGurk (Oxford, 1995)
Cowdrey 2004: H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Stigand (d. 1072), Archbishop of Canterbury’, ODNB (Oxford, 2004)
Davis 1934: William Thorne’s Chronicle of Saint Augustine’s Abbey Canterbury, trans. A. H. Davis (Oxford, 1934)
Davis and Chibnall 1998: The Gesta Guillelmi of William of Poitiers, ed. and trans. R. H. C. Davis and M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1998)
Dugdale 1846: W. Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, revised edn, ed. J. Caley, H. Ellis, and B. Bandinel, 6 vols in 8 (London, 1846)
Fairweather 2005: Liber Eliensis: A History of the Isles of Ely from the Seventh Century to the Twelfth, trans. J. Fairweather (Woodbridge, 2005)
Fauroux 1961: Receuil des Actes des Ducs de Normandie de 911 à 1066, ed. M. Fauroux, Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie vol. 36 (Caen, 1961)
Fleming 1991: R. Fleming, Kings and Lords in Conquest England (Cambridge, 1991)
Freeman 1870−79: E. A. Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest of England: Its Causes and Its Results, 3rd edn, 6 vols (Oxford, 1870–79), i. 428, 505; ii. 73, 95, 150, 334, 346−8, 441−2, 448, 472−3, 647, 652−5; iii. 12, 27−8, 69, 555−6, 616−7, 638; iv. 78, 132−3, 331−4, 482.
Garnett 2007: G. Garnett, Conquered England: Kingship, Succession, and Tenure 1066−1166 (Oxford, 2007)
Giandrea 2007: M. F. Giandrea, Episcopal Culture in Late Anglo-Saxon England (Woodbridge, 2007), pp. 201−3, 210−2
Gransden 1982: A. Gransden, ‘Baldwin, Abbot of Bury St Edmunds, 1065–1097’, ANS 4 (1982), 65–76, 187–195
Greenway and Sayers 1989: Jocelin of Brakelond , Chronicle of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, ed. and trans. D. Greenway and J. Sayers (Oxford, 1989)*
Hudson 2002−7: Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis, The History of the Church of Abingdon, 2 vols, ed. and trans. J. Hudson (Oxford, 2002−7)
Hunter 1840: Ecclesiastical Documents, ed. J. Hunter, Camden Society (London, 1840)
Insley 1985: ‘Some Scandinavian Personal Names in South-West England from Post-Conquest Sources’, Studia Anthroponymica Scandinavica 3 (1985), 23−58
Keynes 1996: The Liber Vitae of the New Minster and Hyde Abbey Winchester, ed. S Keynes, Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile (Copenhagen, 1996)
Keynes 1997: S. Keynes, ‘Giso, Bishop of Wells (1061–88)’, ANS 19 (1997), 203–71
Keynes 1998: S. Keynes, An Atlas of Attestations of Anglo-Saxon Charters, c. 670–1066 (Cambridge, 1998), now published online, Kemble: The Anglo-Saxon Charter Website, currently at http://www.kemble.asnc.cam.ac.uk/node/30
Knowles et al. 1972: The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales 940–1216, ed. D. Knowles, C. N. L. Brooke and V. C. M. London (Cambridge, 1972)
Liebermann 1879: Ungedruckte Anglo-Normannische Geschichtsquellen, ed. F. Liebermann (Strassburg, 1879)
Luard 1864−69: Annales Monasterii de Wintona, in Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series 36, 5 vols (London, 1864−69)
McGurk 1998: The Chronicle of John of Worcester: Volume III, ed. P. McGurk (Oxford, 1998)
Mitton 2009: N. L. Mitton, ‘Grasping Schemer or Hostage to Fortune: the Life and Career of Stigand, Last Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury’ (University of St Andrews PhD Thesis, 2009)
Mynors et al., 1998: William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, ed. and trans. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, 2 vols (Oxford, 1998–1999)
Poncelet 1916: Vita Sancti Willibrordi Auctore Thiofrido Abbate Epternacensi, ed. A. Poncelet, Acta Sanctorum (November 3, 1916)*
Raine 1879−1894: The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops, ed. J. Raine, Rolls Series, 3 vols (London, 1879–1894)
Richter 1973: Canterbury Professions, ed. M. Richter, Canterbury and York Society 67 (1973)
Rule 1884: Eadmer, Historia Novorum in Anglia, ed. M. Rule, Rolls Series 81 (London, 1884)
The Waltham Chronicle, ed. and trans. L. Watkiss and M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1994)
S: P. H. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters: An Annotated List and Bibliography, Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks 8 (London, 1968), revised by S. Kelly, R. Rushforth et al., The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters, published online through Kemble: The Anglo-Saxon Charters Website, currently at http://www.esawyer.org.uk/about/index.html
Smith 1994: M. F. Smith, ‘Archbishop Stigand and the Eye of the Needle’, ANS 16 (1994), 199–219
Winterbottom 2007: William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum Anglorum: The History of the English Bishops, ed. and trans. M. Winterbottom with the assistance of R. M. Thomson, 2 vols (Oxford, 2007− )
Whitelock et al. 1981: Councils and Synods, with other Documents relating to the English Church, 871–1204, ed. D. Whitelock, M. Brett and C. N. L. Brooke, 2 vols (Oxford, 1981)
Wilson 1985: The Bayeux Tapestry, ed. D. M. Wilson (London, 1985)
Winterbottom and Thomson 2002: William of Malmesbury, Vita Wulfstani, in William of Malmesbury: Saints’ Lives, ed. and trans. M. Winterbottom and R. M. Thomson (Oxford, 2002), pp. 7–156
© 2016 King's College London